小麦抗旱基因挖掘从分子机制到育种利用的研究现状与展望

doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 对小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）抗旱基因挖掘进行了系统梳理,从水分吸收利用、渗透平衡维持等生理过程以及ABA依赖与非依赖分子信号通路两方面阐述了小麦应对干旱胁迫的响应机制。研究中常用的技术手段包括遗传定位、多组学分析及基因功能验证等;已发掘的抗旱基因主要涵盖转录因子、渗透调节、ROS清除与信号转导等类别,并总结了各类基因的功能特点与调控方式;概述了分子标记辅助选择、基因编辑等技术在抗旱育种中的应用状况。小麦抗旱基因研究仍存在诸多问题,如基因组结构复杂冗余、QTL育种转化效率低、基因田间效应验证不足、根系表型鉴定技术落后以及近缘种资源难以有效利用等。未来研究应加强对野生近缘种优异抗旱基因的挖掘,优化基因编辑与分子标记辅助选择技术,推动抗旱、高产、抗热、抗病等多个优良性状协同改良,为小麦抗旱分子育种提供理论依据与技术途径。

关键词: 小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）, 干旱胁迫, 基因挖掘, 分子机制, 抗旱育种

Abstract: The mining of drought-resistant genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was systematically reviewed. The response mechanisms of wheat to drought stress were elaborated from two aspects: physiological processes including water absorption and utilization as well as osmotic balance maintenance, and ABA-dependent and ABA-independent molecular signaling pathways. Common technical approaches in relevant research included genetic mapping, multi-omics analysis and gene functional validation. The identified drought-resistant genes mainly fell into categories of transcription factors, osmotic regulation, ROS scavenging and signal transduction. Their functional characteristics and regulatory modes were summarized. Moreover, the application status of marker-assisted selection, gene editing and other technologies in drought-resistant breeding was outlined. There still existed prominent limitations in wheat drought-resistance gene research, such as complex and redundant genome structure, low breeding transformation efficiency of QTLs, insufficient field validation of gene effects, backward phenotyping techniques for root traits, and the difficulty in effective utilization of wild relative resources. Future studies should strengthen the excavation of excellent drought-resistant genes from wild relatives, optimize gene-editing and marker-assisted selection technologies, and promote the pyramiding improvement of multiple desirable traits including drought resistance, high yield, heat tolerance and disease resistance, so as to provide theoretical basis and technical approaches for molecular breeding of drought-resistant wheat.

Key words: wheat（Triticum aestivum L.）, drought stress, gene mining, molecular mechanism, drought-resistant breeding

中图分类号:

S512.1

吴博晓, 刘威, KEM SENOU Pavel Dary, 王小燕, 唐益苗. 小麦抗旱基因挖掘从分子机制到育种利用的研究现状与展望[J]. 湖北农业科学, 2026, 65(10): 1-9.

WU Bo-xiao, LIU Wei, KEM SENOU Pavel Dary, WANG Xiao-yan, TANG Yi-miao. Research status and prospect of drought-resistant gene mining from molecular mechanisms to breeding utilization in wheat[J]. HUBEI AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, 2026, 65(10): 1-9.

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