Dongchang 212 was a new good-quality, high-yielding, and lodging-resistant wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） variety developed through hybridization using the high-generation line Wanmai 19/Wanmai 33 as the female parent and Wansu 0622 as the male parent, followed by pedigree selection. The average yield of this variety was 7 657.30 kg/hm² in the wheat regional test of Anhui Province in 2019-2021, which was 3.03% higher than that of the control Jimai 22. The results of disease inoculation identification showed that in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021, the variety was moderately resistant and moderately susceptible to Fusarium graminearum, moderately susceptible and moderately resistant to powdery mildew, and susceptible and susceptible to sheath blight, respectively. The breeding process, main agronomic and quality traits, and key cultivation techniques were described in detail.

In order to screen excellent wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） germplasm resources resistant to Fusarium head blight (FHB) , the FHB resistance levels of 60 wheat varieties (lines) including the control varieties were evaluated using single-floret injection and soil-surface inoculation methods. Sumai 3 (highly resistant, HR), Yangmai 158 (moderately resistant, MR), and Annong 8455 (highly susceptible, HS) served as control varieties. A total of 2 high-resistant varieties, 7 medium-resistant varieties, 30 medium-susceptible varieties and 21 high-susceptible varieties were screened out. Furthermore, the agronomic traits of wheat varieties (lines) with resistance levels of moderately susceptible (MS) and above were investigated. A total of 16 elite wheat varieties (lines) with superior agronomic traits and resistance to Fusarium head blight, such as Nei 4103, Chuanmai 45, W2, and Xinong 9871, were screened out, which provided reliable parental sources for new cultivars breeding.

A field experiment was conducted to study the differences of main agronomic traits, yield and SPAD value of 36 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (lines) from Southwest Wheat Region under two nitrogen levels of no nitrogen application (N0) and normal nitrogen application (N1, pure nitrogen application rate of 135 kg/hm²) , in order to provide reference for nitrogen-efficient wheat breeding. Based on the grain yield, the varieties (lines) were divided into three types: high yield type, middle yield type and low yield type. The average yield of high yield type was 7 334.60 kg/hm², which was 1.70 times that of low yield type and 1.27 times that of the middle yield type. Based on yield differences under two nitrogen application levels, the wheat varieties (lines) were classified into four categories: dual-efficient type, low-N-efficient type, high-N-efficient type, and dual-inefficient type. Among them, 10 varieties (lines) were dual-efficient type, 6 varieties(lines) were high-N-efficient type, 7 varieties(lines) were low-N-efficient type, and 13 varieties(lines) were dual-inefficient type. The average yield showed significant differences among the four nitrogen efficiency types, following the order of dual-efficient type, high-N-efficient type, low-N-efficient type and dual-inefficient type from high to low. However, no significant differences were observed in spikelet number, leaf length, spike length, and plant height among these four types. Yunmai 83, Yunmai 80, Chuanmai 1648, Yunmai 56, Chuanmai 84, and Yunmai 68 were not only dual-N-efficiency varieties (lines), but also high yield varieties (lines). Consequently, these varieties could serve as nitrogen-efficient wheat germplasm resources for breeding applications.

To select excellent germplasm of colored wheat（Triticum aestivum L.）, the quality traits of 28 colored wheat varieties (lines) were measured and analyzed with Yangmai 27 as the control. The results showed that there were significant differences in dough stability time, formation time, and flour settling value among the 28 colored wheat varieties (lines), with the variation ranges of 1.53-9.13 min, 0.90-2.93 min, and 9.03-43.87 mL, respectively. While there were relatively small differences in grain bulk density, flour yield and dough water absorption rate among the varieties (lines). The quality traits of colored wheat from different sources varied greatly. The results of correlation analysis showed that the protein content was extremely significantly positively correlated with the wet gluten content, formation time and sedimentation value. The wet gluten content was extremely significantly positively correlated with the formation time. The sedimentation value was extremely significantly positively correlated with the flour yield. The stability time was extremely significantly positively correlated with the formation time and water absorption rate. The water absorption rate was extremely significantly positively correlated with the flour yield. Through screening, comparison and cluster analysis of relevant indicators, it was suggested to strengthen the breeding of AN004, AN008 and AN006.

Based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, an ecological security evaluation system was constructed to evaluate the evolution trend of ecological security in Zhejiang Province from 2013 to 2022. The results indicated that the comprehensive index of ecological security in Zhejiang Province exhibited an upward trend, from the extremely unsafe state in 2013 to the relatively safe state in 2022, and the ecosystem of the whole province was in a relatively stable state. The three indexes of resource and environmental pressure, ecosystem status and human response all showed positive contributions to the ecological security pattern of Zhejiang Province. The improvement of some indicators was close to the bottleneck, and the follow-up improvement of ecological security status was facing considerable pressure. Based on the evaluation results, some countermeasures and suggestions were put forward, so as to provide decision-making reference for rapid and appropriate response to various risks and challenges and comprehensive maintenance of ecological security in Zhejiang Province.

Based on land use data in Wuling Mountain Area from 2000 to 2020, the land use transfer matrix, ecosystem service value, ecological environment quality index, ecological contribution rate of land use type conversion, ecological response index and other methods were integrated to explore the land use evolution characteristics and its ecological environment response mechanism in Wuling Mountain Area. The results showed that the production space area in Wuling Mountain Area decreased year by year, the living space area continued to increase, and the ecological space area increased and then decreased. The land use dynamics were the largest from 2005 to 2010. From 2000 to 2020, the value of ecosystem services in Wuling Mountain Area increased gradually, with a total increase of 23.722 billion yuan. The ecological environment quality index fluctuated and increased by 0.003 610 as a whole. The response of the ecological environment quality index and ecosystem service value to the evolution of production-living-ecological space was synergistic. The conversion of cropland to forest land and grassland to forest land was the main reason for the improvement of ecological environment quality in Wuling Mountain Area, while the conversion of forest land to cropland, grassland to cropland, and forest land to construction land was the main reason for the deterioration of ecological environment quality.

In order to explore the effect of exogenous potassium fertilizer on the resistance of flue-cured tobacco to chilling stress, the effects of spraying 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (T1) and 0.1% potassium fulvic acid (T2) on the growth and development, carbon and nitrogen content and antioxidant enzyme system of tobacco were studied by indoor and field experiments. The results showed that compared to the control (CK, foliar spray with distilled water), the shoot dry weight of T1 and T2 increased significantly by 65.8% and 27.2%, respectively. The root dry weight of T1 and T2 increased significantly by 133.3% and 72.2% compared to the control, respectively. The total carbon content of T1 and T2 increased significantly by 17.4% and 20.2% compared to the control, respectively. The soluble sugar content and soluble protein content of T1 increased significantly by 26.4% and 41.5% compared to the control, respectively. Compared to the control, the catalase activity of T1 and T2 increased significantly by 76.2% and 38.3%, respectively, and the total antioxidant capacity increased significantly by 250.2% and 40.8%, respectively. The comprehensive evaluation results of the membership function method showed that the comprehensive low temperature resistance of T1 was the best. It was recommended to spray 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate during the tobacco transplanting period and the period of late spring frosts to improve cold resistance of tobacco to low response.

Based on the daily meteorological observation data of 3 national meteorological stations in the tea-growing area of Xiangyang City from 1960 to 2024, the characteristics of late spring coldness and high temperature,which were the main meteorological disasters during the growth period of the tea tree in the tea-growing area, were analyzed. The results indicated that the occurrence frequency of late spring coldness in the tea-growing area of Xiangyang City was mainly 0 to 3 times each year, and the cumulative days were mainly 0 to 10 days per year. The probability, frequency and cumulative duration of late spring coldness were the highest in Baokang County, followed by Nanzhang County, and the lowest in Gucheng County. From the perspective of occurrence time, it mainly happened from mid-March to early April, among which the occurrence probability was the highest in early April. The annual average number of high-temperature days in the tea-growing area of Xiangyang City was 20.7, and that of extremely hot days was 6.6. Both of them were the most in Baokang County, followed by Gucheng County, and the least in Nanzhang County. High-temperature events mainly occurred from June to August, with the most in July. To address these meteorological disasters, the study proposed countermeasures such as establishing standardized tea production gardens to enhance resilience against meteorological hazards; strengthening precise meteorological monitoring in tea gardens and providing targeted services for disaster prevention; and developing and promoting meteorological index-based insurance for tea to provide risk resilience protection for tea production.

In order to study the content levels, enrichment characteristics and health risks of typical heavy metals in the main fishes of Chaohu Lake, the contents of Cr, Cu, As, Cd, Pb and Hg in different fish tissues were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer and atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer, and the potential health risk of heavy metals was evaluated by health risk assessment model. The results showed that the contents of six heavy metal elements in six kinds of fish of Chaohu Lake didn’t exceed the limits of contaminants according to GB 2762—2022 and NY 5073—2006. The average contents of six elements showed the law of Cu>Cr>As>Hg> Pb>Cd. From the perspective of habitat water layers, the concentrations of Cr, Cu, As, Cd and Pb in the muscles of mid-lower water layer fish were higher than those in mid-upper water layer fish, while Hg showed the reverse pattern. In terms of feeding habits, only Hg concentrations in fish muscles followed the order of carnivorous, omnivorous and herbivorous from high to low. For the other five elements, the pattern was carnivorous < omnivorous ≤ herbivorous. The effect of water layer habitat on the enrichment of heavy metals in fishes of Chaohu Lake was greater than that of feeding habits. The enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in fish tissues were various. For example Cr and Pb were mainly distributed in scales, gills and bones, Cu and As were mainly concentrated in liver, Cd was more enriched in kidney, and Hg was mainly accumulated in muscle. The results of health risk assessment showed that the non-carcinogenic health risk of the studied heavy metals in the muscle tissue of Chaohu Lake fishes could be ignored. The carcinogenic health risk of Pb was negligible, while the levels of Cr, As and Cd risk values were acceptable.

The effects of different nitrogen application patterns on nitrogen utilization efficiency, fiber yield and nitrogen metabolism-related enzyme activities of ramie [Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.] were investigated by setting different basal fertilizer dosages and basal-topdressing ratios (ratios of basal fertilizer to topdressing fertilizer) of nitrogen fertilizer. The results showed that the N_1∶2 treatment (300 kg/hm² basal fertilizer with a basal-to-topdressing ratio of 1∶2) achieved the highest physiological nitrogen use efficiency. In terms of leaf development, the comprehensive growth index of the N_2∶1 treatment (600 kg/hm² basal fertilizer with a basal-topdressing ratio of 2∶1 ) was superior. The fiber yield of the N_2∶3 treatment (600 kg/hm² basal fertilizer with a basal-topdressing ratio of 2∶3) was the highest, which was 62.4% higher than that of the N_0∶0 treatment (CK,no fertilizer), and the effectiveness of the strategy of “stable base fertilizer, strong topdressing” was verified. Although the N_3∶3 treatment (900 kg/hm² basal fertilizer with a basal-topdressing ratio of 3∶3 ) had better morphological indexes such as stem diameter and biomass, the partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer was the lowest, indicating that excessive nitrogen input caused luxury absorption, resulting in a decline in resource conversion efficiency. The results of enzyme activity showed that the N₂ group (medium basal fertilizer group, 600 kg/hm²) established an oxidative stress buffering system by maintaining high activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) while reducing malondialdehyde （MDA） content. Although the N₃ group (high basal fertilizer group, 900 kg/hm²) exhibited the highest glutamate synthase（GOGAT） activity, its insufficient nitrate reductase（NR） activity constrained the nitrogen assimilation flux. Collectively, these findings indicated that medium basal fertilization (600 kg/hm²) supplemented with topdressing optimized ramie production.

The phosphorus adsorption characteristics of sediments in different units of the field-ditch-pond system and the influence of phosphorus occurrence forms on adsorption characteristics were systematically analyzed through phosphorus adsorption test. The results showed that the Langmuir isotherm model accurately described phosphorus adsorption. Field soils exhibited stable phosphorus adsorption, while pond and ditch sediments showed considerable variability, with some pond sites presenting a high risk of phosphorus release. Phosphorus occurrence forms analysis revealed that higher organic phosphorus content correlated with lower adsorption capacity. Significant changes in phosphorus adsorption capacity were observed before and after rice planting, with ditch sediment adsorption notably increasing during the rice growing period and field soil adsorption further enhancing after rice harvest. Rational management of fields, ditches and ponds could mitigate phosphorus release and help reduce agricultural non-point source pollution.

The efficacy of Bacillus velezensis (T2), Bacillus subtilis (T3), and Bacillus megaterium (T4) against cucumber powdery mildew and their impacts on plant growth, yield, fruit quality, and the antioxidant system were evaluated through field trials, and three Bacillus treatments were compared to a chemical fungicide (T1) and an untreated control (CK). Results demonstrated that all three Bacillus treatments effectively suppressed powdery mildew and enhanced plant growth, yield, and fruit quality, with T2 exhibiting the most pronounced effects. In terms of disease control efficacy, T2 achieved a level close to that of the chemical fungicide T1 and significantly outperformed both T3 and T4. Regarding yield, T1 produced the highest yield, closely followed by T2. Both T1 and T2 yields were significantly greater than those of the other Bacillus treatments and CK. Similarly, T1 showed optimal plant growth performance across measured indicators, with T2 ranking second. Both T1 and T2 significantly exceeded T3 and T4, while all treatments surpassed CK. T2 treatment significantly enhanced key fruit quality parameters, including soluble protein, free amino acid, soluble sugar, and vitamin C content, compared to CK. Furthermore, T2 effectively increased photosynthetic capacity, significantly reduced membrane lipid peroxidation levels, and boosted antioxidant enzyme activity, demonstrating superior antioxidant performance relative to T3 and T4.

In order to investigate the inhibitory effects of extracts from six plants, namely Cyperus rotundus L., Euonymus maackii Rupr., Adenophora stricta Miq., Rheum palmatum L., Cortex Fraxini, and Helianthus tuberosus L. on Fusarium moniliforme, the growth rate method was used to screen the ethanol crude extracts with strong antibacterial activity from the six plants. Then, a series of polar solvents such as petroleum ether were used to extract the screened ethanol crude plant extracts. The inhibition rate of each extract on mycelial growth was determined, the virulence differences of each extract in inhibiting mycelial growth were analyzed, the plant extract with the strongest inhibitory effect on Fusarium moniliforme was screened out, and the inhibitory effect of this plant extract on spore germination, as well as its effects on mycelial morphology and cell membrane permeability were determined. The results showed that the ethanol crude extracts of Cyperus rotundus and Euonymus maackii had significantly higher inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of Fusarium moniliforme than the crude extracts of other plants, but there was no significant difference between them. Among the polar extraction solvents of Cyperus rotundus and Euonymus maackii, the petroleum ether extracts showed significant antibacterial activity, and the antibacterial effect of the petroleum ether extract of Cyperus rotundus was significantly higher than that of Euonymus maackii. The median inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of the two on mycelial growth were 6.076 6 mg/mL and 16.736 3 mg/mL, respectively. The IC₅₀ of the petroleum ether extract of Cyperus rotundus on spore germination was 7.721 7 mg/mL. This extract could lead to abnormal mycelial growth and damage the semi - permeability of the mycelial cell membrane.

To screen the suitable medium for the artificial breeding of Arma chinensis (Fallou), the oviposition quantity, egg mass concentration, oviposition duration and egg hatching rate on four mediums were evaluated, including kitchen paper, degradable egg trays, gauze, and fresh corn leaves. Results showed that the oviposition concentration rate on gauze was the highest, reaching 95.74%, which was significantly higher than other media; the oviposition quantity by a single female on gauze and degradable egg trays was significantly higher than that on kitchen paper and fresh corn leaves, with 137.80 eggs and 91.50 eggs, respectively; there were no significant differences in the oviposition duration and egg hatching rate across the four media. The storage of the four media showed significant differences. The storage periods of gauze and degradable egg trays were significantly longer than those of kitchen paper and fresh corn leaves. In conclusion, the gauze was the optimal spawning medium.

By analyzing and comprehensively evaluating the fruit quality of different varieties of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) in Xiaogan City, Hubei Province, this study provided a basis for the selection and promotion of local excellent peach varieties. During the ripening period of the fruit, the indicators such as single fruit weight, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, soluble solids content, and hardness of the peach fruit were measured. The entropy weight method was used to calculate the comprehensive scores of each indicator, and significant differences were analyzed. The results indicated that there were obvious differences in fruit quality among different peach varieties. Among them, Chunmi, Chunmei and Zhongtao No. 9 showed outstanding performance in terms of single fruit weight, significantly higher than other varieties(P<0.05); Dahongpao and Zhongyou Jinshuai had higher soluble solids content and better sweetness; the fruit hardness of Zhongyoupan No. 5 was the highest; in terms of longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, and fruit shape index, each variety also exhibited different characteristics. The comprehensive evaluation results showed that the quality of three varieties, Zhongtao No. 9, Chunmi and Chunmei, was relatively good.

Using the seeds of Jatropha curcas L. as the experimental materials and employing the pot sand culture method, the physiological and ecological responses of Jatropha curcas L. seedlings under different temperatures and aluminum concentrations were studied. The results showed that on the 7th day of stress, compared, with the control there was no significant difference in the MDA content of Jatropha seedlings treated with 100 μmol/L aluminum stress at 25 ℃ . The activities of CAT, POD and APX all increased compared with the control, the activity of SOD decreased by 35.1%. At 15 ℃, the Pro content of Jatropha seedlings gradually increased with the increase of aluminum stress concentration. Under the aluminum stress treatment, except for the 200 μmol/L aluminum stress concentration, the SS content and POD activity were both higher than those under the 25 ℃ treatment. The contents of MDA and Pr were higher than those under the 25 ℃ treatment regardless of the control or the aluminum stress treatment. On the 14th day of stress, the MDA, Pr and SS contents of control in Jatropha seedlings at 15 ℃ were 1.52 times, 1.26 times and 2.43 times that of the control at 25 ℃, respectively. High concentration of aluminum inhibited the activities of SOD and APX, and the double stress of low temperature and aluminum inhibited the activity of POD. Research showed that short-term low-concentration aluminum stress had little effect on the growth of Jatropha seedlings. Under long-term aluminum stress, the damage suffered by Jatropha wasn’t related to low temperature. Aluminum stress was the main factor restricting the growth of Jatropha seedlings.

The wild species of Subsect Delavayanae of peony have important breeding value. This study analyzed the hybridization affinity of wild species peony of Subsect Delavayanae and screened out hybrid combinations or types with good affinity through artificial hybridization between wild species peony of Subsect Delavayanae, as well as between wild and cultivated species. The results showed that the hybridization among Paeonia delavayi, Paeonia lutea, and Paeonia potanini generally had a high seed setting quantity, and the harvested seeds had a good germination rate. However, when using Paeonia ludlowii as the parent, although some seeds were also received, the seeds didn’t germinate. When the wild species of Subsect Delavayanae were used as the female parent and hybridized with the cultivated species of the Subsect Vaginatae, the average seed setting quantity decreased from high to low: Paeonia lutea > Paeonia delavayi > Paeonia ludlowii > Paeonia potanini, while the wild species as the male parent, the average seed setting quantity decreased from high to low: Paeonia potanini > Paeonia lutea > Paeonia delavayi > Paeonia ludlowii. Most of the hybrid combinations between the wild species of the Subsect Delavayanae and the cultivated varieties of the Subsect Vaginatae could bear fruit normally, showing a certain degree of affinity. However, the fruit setting rate and seed emergence rate of the wild species of Subsect Delavayanae as the female parent were higher than those of the wild species of Subsect Delavayanae as the male parent.

Experiments were conducted from four aspects: The germination rate of cucumbers, root length, antioxidant system [peroxidase(POD), superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT)], and photosynthetic characteristics of leaves(net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration). Based on the physiological characteristic detection of cucumber seedlings, the effects of different concentrations of nano-iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃NPs) (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/L) on the growth of cucumber plants were studied. The results showed that Fe₂O₃NPs had a dual concentration effect on the growth and development of cucumbers. Low concentrations(5,10 mg/L) of Fe₂O₃NPs had a certain promoting effect on the germination rate of seeds and the growth of main roots, while high concentrations(15,20 mg/L) of Fe₂O₃NPs exhibited inhibitory effects. Under low concentrations, the photosynthetic characteristics and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were enhanced, while under high concentrations, the photosynthetic characteristics and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were inhibited,accompanied by oxidative damage.

In order to promote the protection of new varieties of Ophiopogon japonicus, utilization and development of its germplasm resources originated in China, as well as the development of local characteristic medicinal Ophiopogon japonicus industry, the research on the formulation of the distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) test guide of Ophiopogon japonicus varieties was carried out. By planting and observing 93 accessions of Ophiopogon japonicus germplasm resources, the cultivation, propagation methods and phenotypic data collection methods of Ophiopogon japonicus were studied, 27 traits were selected for phenotypic description of Ophiopogon japonicus varieties, the requirements for breeding materials for Ophiopogon japonicus variety DUS test were clarified, the general principles for DUS determination of Ophiopogon japonicus were established, and the Ophiopogon japonicus DUS test guide was formulated.

The content levels of coixol in roots, stems, leaves and seeds of coix (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) during six growth periods, namely, seedling, tillering, jointing, booting, blooming, and maturity were investigated, and the synthesis and accumulation pattern of coixol in coix plants were clarified. Samples of roots, stems, leaves and seeds of coix were collected during different growth periods, extracted by the ultrasound-assisted extraction method, and the content of coixol was detected by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that there were significant differences in the content of coixol in different parts of coix at different growth stages, and the highest content of coixol was found in roots[(661.06±52.41) mg/kg], followed by leaves [(80.73±2.31) mg/kg], seeds [(14.56±0.29) mg/kg] and stems [(9.80±0.44) mg/kg]. The content of coixol in each part was negatively correlated with plant height, root length, and fresh weight. Comparison of different parts of the plant revealed that coix obtained the greatest coixol yield at the booting stage [(112.47±9.20) mg/plant], followed by the blooming stage [(51.42±7.96) mg/plant]. Coixol yield per plant was positively correlated with plant height, root length and fresh weight. It could be seen that the maximum accumulation of coixol was in the roots at the booting stage.

To investigate the role of the leucoanthocyanidin reductase-encoding gene SpLAR in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Spirodela polyrrhiza, the full-length SpLAR cDNA sequence was obtained from transcriptome data and the gene was successfully cloned. The characteristics of the SpLAR protein were predicted, and the expression levels of the SpLAR gene under different culture days and nutrient stress conditions were detected. Additionally, by measuring the accumulation of proanthocyanidins under corresponding conditions, the correlation between the expression level of the SpLAR gene and the accumulation of proanthocyanidins was further analyzed. The pCAMBIA1301-SpLAR plant expression vector was constructed using homologous recombination technology. Bioinformatics analysis results showed that the gene was 1 059 bp in length, encoding 352 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 38 ku. It was a hydrophilic and unstable protein, containing one transmembrane domain, having no signal peptide, and belonging to the NADB_Rossmann superfamily. The SpLAR protein had the highest similarity with the homologous protein from Colocasia esculenta. RT -qPCR and content determination results indicated that the expression level of the SpLAR gene showed a dynamic trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and was positively correlated with the accumulation of proanthocyanidins. Under Datko treatment, the expression level of the SpLAR gene was the highest at 9 d, and at this time, the accumulation of proanthocyanidins reached a peak of 20.6 mg/g. In addition, the nutrient stress treatment could significantly promote the expression of the SpLAR gene and the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins, increasing the accumulation to 24.8 mg/g at 9 d.

To understand the changes in fish community structure in stock enhancement waters, continuous survey data on fish resources from the Zangmu reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River from 2017 to 2022 were used. By decomposing β-diversity, this study analyzed the changes in fish community structure and the mechanisms of succession and stability. The results showed that 30 fish species were surveyed in the Zangmu reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. From 2017 to 2020, the dominant fish species were all native species, whereas from 2021 to 2022, the dominant species included non-native species. Both β_sor (total β-diversity) and β_sne (nestedness component) showed significant differences between different years(P<0.05), indicating that changes in fish species composition across years were mainly due to changes in the nestedness component. β_sim (turnover component) showed significant spatial differences (P<0.05), specifically in species turnover of non-native fish. The stock enhancement had positive implications for the conservation of native fish. Overall, β_sim was significantly greater than β_sne(P<0.05), indicating that species composition changes in the Zangmu reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River were mainly driven by turnover, highlighting the conservation of each river reach. This study provided a scientific reference for stock enhancement efforts in water conservancy projects by analyzing β-diversity and its components from the perspective of changes in fish composition.

To investigate the effects of different additives on the quality of double low rapeseed straw silage after fermentation, whole plant double-low high quality rapeseed straw after maturity and seed removal was used as raw material in the experiment,with seven treatments set up: control(CK), silage species + 600 g/t enzymic preparations, silage species + 300 g/t enzymic preparations, silage species + 150 g/t enzymic preparations, silage species+150 g/t enzymic preparations + 3% urea, silage species + 150 g/t enzymic preparations + 4% urea, and silage species+150 g/t enzymic preparations + 5% urea. Samples from each treatment group were taken for detection and analysis after 45 days of fermentation. Then 15 healthy Yichang white goats of appropriate age were selected and randomly divided into five groups with 3 goats in each group. Then, the best quality tested group of rapeseed straw silage was mixed with corn silage at ratios of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% respectively and fed to five groups of goats to observe their feeding situation. The results showed that the organic acid content of rapeseed straw decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the contents of crude protein and crude fat increased significantly (P<0.05) after adding a certain amount of silage bacteria and enzyme preparations, among which the quality of the silage bacteria + 150 g/t enzyme preparation treatment group was the best. The content of butyric acid decreased significantly (P<0.05) and the content of crude protein increased significantly (P<0.05) after urea ammonification of rapeseed straw. The feed intake of white goats was higher after feeding the mixture of rapeseed straw silage and corn silage. It indicated that inoculating silage bacteria to rapeseed straw and adding enzyme preparations and urea for fermentation could effectively improve the nutritional components and the quality of rapeseed straw silage, and the palatability, and promote the feeding of livestock.

Analysis of the interaction between pathogenic proteins was an important way to understand their life activities, reveal the signal transduction mechanism, and predict potential drug targets. The aim of this study was to construct a comprehensive interaction network between the encoded proteins of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae by using the DIP protein interaction database and the homologous protein mapping method. The constructed interaction network contains 2 113 pairs of non-redundant interactions involving 330 proteins. Our analysis unraveled 40 proteins with highest interactions in the network, and most of them were related to translation, transcription, molecular chaperone, and other functions. Further analysis showed that chaperone proteins DnaK, DnaJ, GroEL and DEAD/DEAH helicases had high interaction frequencies and could interact with multiple functional proteins such as ribosomal proteins, metabolically related proteins, chaperone proteins, and cell division proteins. The results suggested that if the functions of DnaK, DnaJ, GroEL, DEAD/DEAH helicases were inhibited, the normal life activities of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae would be greatly affected.

In order to study the changes of antimicrobial peptides during processing and storage, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used as indicator bacteria in the experiment. The relative antibacterial activity stability of antimicrobial peptides was evaluated from the aspects of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), temperature, pH, different concentrations of metal ions, and storage time. The results showed that antimicrobial peptides had broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, good thermal stability, and could maintain relative inhibition rates of 88.16% and 93.88% after 30 minutes of treatment at 100 ℃; different pH values had a significant impact on the antibacterial activity of antimicrobial peptides (P<0.05). Antimicrobial peptides exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity in acidic environments than in strongly alkaline environments, indicating that antimicrobial peptides were more suitable for processing and production in acidic environments. Different concentrations of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ in the solution had significant effects on the antibacterial activity of antimicrobial peptides. High salt environments could cause a decrease in antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial peptides, but the lowest relative inhibition rate was still above 80%. The effect of storage time on the relative inhibition rate of Escherichia coli was greater than that of Staphylococcus aureus, and the relative inhibition rate remained above 85% after 12 months of storage.

Using the Y2B4 formula lamina group of the flue-cured tobacco variety Yunyan 87 as test material, three processing intensities were set during the primary conditioning and redrying processes to analyze the changes in chemical components of tobacco leaves under different processing intensities.The results showed that the routine chemical components of tobacco leaves included total sugar, reducing sugar, total alkaloids, chlorine, potassium, total nitrogen, starch, protein, and pectin.The aroma components mainly included alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, phenols, olefins, and heterocyclic compounds.Under both the primary conditioning and redrying processes, the CCUI of the reduced processing intensity treatment was higher than that of the conventional processing intensity treatment, indicating that the tobacco leaves treated with reduced processing intensity had better coordination of routine chemical components and higher industrial usability.The cluster analysis of tobacco leaves samples from primary conditioning and redrying under different processing intensities showed good clustering effects.Samples from the conventional processing intensity and increased processing intensity treatments clustered into one group, while samples from the reduced processing intensity treatment clustered into another group. This indicated that processing intensity had a significant effect on the composition of heteroaroma components in tobacco leaves. The contents of β-damascone, megastigmatrienone D, cembratriene-diol C, methyl linolenate, and starch all showed positive correlations with the total sensory quality score of tobacco leaves. Total alkaloid content also showed a negative correlation with the total sensory quality score of tobacco leaves. The redried tobacco leaves treated with reduced processing intensity had higher scores in aroma profile, aroma quality, cleanliness, moistness, and aftertaste compared to those treated with conventional processing intensity and increased processing intensity. They exhibited less off-odor and achieved the highest total sensory quality score.

To screen key glutinous rice characteristic indicators affecting the quality of fermented glutinous rice, eleven commercially available glutinous rice varieties were selected as experimental materials, including nine Chinese varieties (Zhuhu nuomi, Changke nuomi, Yuanke Jingnuo, Pujiwu Jinmai Yuannuo, Yingcheng Hongnuo, Yunmeng Xiaonuo, black nuomi, Yuanke nuomi, Yunmeng Punuo) and two imported varieties (Thai nuomi, Vietnamese nuomi).The appearance quality, physicochemical properties, texture characteristics, and eating quality of the samples were systematically evaluated using cluster analysis, variance analysis, correlation analysis, and redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that cluster analysis validated industrial practical experience and confirmed significant differences in suitability for fermented glutinous rice production among different glutinous rice varieties.Yunmeng Xiaonuo clustered independently, and its physicochemical properties were significantly different from those of the other ten varieties, confirming that this variety was unsuitable as a raw material for fermented glutinous rice.Zhuhu nuomi, Yingcheng Hongnuo, Thai nuomi, and Vietnamese nuomi clustered together, preliminarily indicating that varieties in this group were suitable as raw materials for fermented glutinous rice.The amylose content and protein content of glutinous rice were key indicators affecting the fermentation quality of fermented glutinous rice, while appearance quality, total starch, soluble sugar content, texture characteristics, thousand-kernel weight, gel consistency, and eating value had minor effects on the fermentation quality of fermented glutinous rice.

Using Morella rubra Lour. as the research subject, five fungicides with high detection rates (carbendazim, difenoconazole, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, tebuconazole) were screened based on historical pesticide residues monitoring data from the Testing Center of Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences. A systematic comparison was made on the technical performance of two detection methods: colloidal gold immunochromatographic rapid detection and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).The results showed that the detection limits of the immunochromatography method for the five fungicides were 0.20 mg/kg (carbendazim), 1.00 mg/kg (difenoconazole), 5.00 mg/kg (pyraclostrobin), 5.00 mg/kg (azoxystrobin), and 1.00 mg/kg (tebuconazole), respectively.The detection limits of the UPLC-MS/MS method for all five fungicides were 0.001 mg/kg.When the spiked levels of the five fungicides in Morella rubra Lour. were 0.010~1.000 mg/kg, the UPLC-MS/MS method demonstrated good accuracy and precision. The average recoveries of the five fungicides ranged from 74.8% to 107.5%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) between 1.1% and 9.0%.The immunochromatography method exhibited good precision. The false-negative rate for the five fungicides was 0, the false-positive rate was ≤5%, and the relative accuracy was ≥97.5%.Although the detection limits of the immunochromatography method were higher, they were all below the maximum residue limits. This method was fully applicable for qualitative screening of pesticide residues and met the timeliness and reliability requirements for on-site rapid detection.

Taking the multi-functional curing barn as the research object, numerical simulation research was conducted using Fluent software based on the standard k-å turbulence model theory.The influences of key parameters such as air inlet width, distance between the tray and the side wall of the curing barn, and deflector inclination angle on the flow field were systematically analyzed, verifying the regulatory effects of different structural schemes on the stability of the internal flow field of the curing barn.The results showed that the optimal combination of structural parameters for the multi-functional curing barn was an air inlet width of 2.7 m and a distance of 300 mm between the tray and the side wall.After testing the deflector system with a width of 300 mm and a spacing of 200 mm, it was found that when the deflector inclination angle was 45°, the uniformity of the internal flow field of the curing barn reached its optimal state, allowing airflow to act uniformly on the material surface and significantly improving the drying effect.

To address the difficulty of stably maintaining preset temperature and humidity during the operation of the steam tea fixing machine, a temperature and humidity regulation method based on the coordinated control of microwave perturbation and fuzzy PID was proposed.This method applied microwave perturbation technology to humidity control and employed the fuzzy PID algorithm for precise temperature regulation, effectively solving the technical challenge of mutual interference between temperature and humidity parameters in traditional control methods. When the fixing temperature was 95 ℃, the humidity was 95%, and the time was 1 min, although slight fluctuations existed in the temperature and humidity, they were consistently maintained within a small controllable range. The results showed that the temperature and humidity control method combining microwave perturbation and fuzzy PID could effectively ensure the stability of the internal environment of the steam tea fixing machine, keeping the tea leaves in the optimal fixing state. This precise temperature and humidity control method not only significantly improved the consistency and repeatability of the fixing process but also enhanced the quality of the finished tea products, providing reliable assurance for the formation of excellent flavor characteristics and nutritional value of tea.

To meet the demand for efficient agrometeorological services, an agrometeorological Q&A service technology based on Fisher discriminant was proposed.The specific implementation process of this technology was described, including data collection, feature extraction, model construction and Q&A system construction.By integrating this technology into the “Zhihui Qixiang” application released by Zhejiang meteorological department, the intelligent Q&A interaction function between users and the application was realized.Tests and applications showed that this technology had certain effects in improving the efficiency of agrometeorological services, enhancing service convenience and increasing user satisfaction.

A CSPDenseNet backbone module was constructed by deeply integrating CSPNet and DenseNet. This module was integrated into the YOLOv8 model, replacing the last two standard convolutional modules at the end of the backbone network, resulting in the improved YOLOv8 model (Dense-YOLOv8).The results demonstrated that the Dense-YOLOv8 model successfully identified all mature buds under scenarios with a simple background and sparse daylily (Hemerocallis citrina) Baroni buds. Under scenarios with a simple background and dense daylily buds, the Dense-YOLOv8 model exhibited excellent recognition performance in the bud detection task, although some missed detections still occurred when processing tightly adjacent targets.Under scenarios with a complex background and dense daylily buds, the Dense-YOLOv8 model successfully identified all mature buds.The mAP, F1, recognition speed, and model size of the Dense-YOLOv8 model were 90.75%, 89%, 53 f/s, and 217.68 MB, respectively. Compared with the YOLOv8 model, Faster R-CNN model and YOLOv7 model, the Dense-YOLOv8 model significantly improved both the accuracy and speed of object detection while streamlining the network structure and reducing parameters.

Using Shenqiuhong Hippophae rhamnoides as the experimental material, the gene encoding the NHX1 protein of the Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX) family was cloned, and bioinformatic analysis was performed on the Hippophae rhamnoides NHX1 protein (HrNHX1). The results indicated that the full length of the HrNHX1 gene was approximately 1 600 bp, encoding an acidic hydrophobic protein consisting of 538 amino acid residues. The molecular formula of this protein was C2754H4269N672O759S21, with a total of 8 502 atoms and a relative molecular mass of 59 637. 71. HrNHX1 belonged to a stable protein, containing 13 transmembrane domains, lacking a signal peptide, being a non-secretory protein, and containing one Na+/H+ exchanger domain characteristic of the NHX protein family. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the HrNHX1 protein was localized on the vacuolar membrane. Homology alignment analysis indicated that the HrNHX1 protein sequence had high sequence similarity with the NHX1 protein sequences of Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium hirsutum, Morus notabilis, and Hevea brasiliensis. Phylogenetic tree analysis found that the HrNHX1 protein sequence clustered on the same evolutionary branch with the NHX protein sequences of rice and wheat, which had drought resistance and salt tolerance functions, suggesting they had a close evolutionary relationship. The HrNHX1 gene played an important role in enhancing plant drought resistance and salt tolerance, and regulating the activity of its encoded HrNHX1 protein or the expression level of this gene could effectively improve plant adaptability to drought and salt stress.

The genetic diversity of Yunxi Matou goat（Capra hircus） was evaluated based on genetic variation analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region sequences.The complete mtDNA D-loop sequences of 184 Yunxi Matou goats were obtained by PCR amplification and sequencing, followed by systematic analysis of nucleotide polymorphism and haplotype diversity, neutrality tests (Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs), mismatch distribution analysis, and cluster analysis with mtDNA D-loop sequences from different goat breeds.The results showed that the proportions of A, G, C, and T bases in mtDNA D-loop of Yunxi Matou goat were 30.77%, 14.26%, 26.26%, and 28.71% respectively, with A+T content (59.48%) significantly higher than G+C content (40.52%).There were 52 haplotypes and 131 variable sites in mtDNA D-loop of Yunxi Matou goat, including 51 singleton variable sites and 80 parsimony-informative sites. Fu’s Fs test showed Fs value of -2.48, indicating significant deviation from the neutral model (P< 0.05).The phylogenetic tree of Yunxi Matou goat and other five goat breeds (Chuandong White goat, Shannan White goat, Huanghuai goat, Beichuan White goat, and Boer goat) showed that 184 individuals were divided into three major branches, including two native branches and one Boer goat hybrid branch.The Yunxi Matou goat population showed high polymorphism and rich genetic diversity with great breeding potential, but exhibited genetic introgression from surrounding local goat breeds and Boer goat.

A new method suitable for analyzing low-depth sequencing genomic data was established by optimizing genotype imputation algorithms and screening optimal regression models.The results showed that compared to the pre-optimization algorithm, the accuracy of the optimized genotype imputation algorithm increased from 95% to 98%. Meanwhile, parameter tuning and efficient algorithm selection reduced the single imputation time from 24 hours to 12 hours, significantly improving processing efficiency.For continuous phenotypic analysis (e.g., quantitative traits in GWAS), the ridge regression model and linear regression model performed well. At 1.0× sequencing depth, their MSEs were 0.07 and 0.08, and Accuracies were 0.82 and 0.80, respectively.When handling classification problems (e.g., genomic selection), the Logistic regression model demonstrated significant advantages due to its probabilistic modeling characteristics. This model showed good Classification performance (AUC=0.90), significantly outperforming the Linear regression model (AUC=0.85).

Green and low-carbon development had become a key strategic direction for global development and transformation, which not only provided new opportunities for the green and low-carbon transition in Western China, but also brought unprecedented challenges.This study systematically reviewed the current status and new opportunities of green and low-carbon transition development in Western China, and analyzed the difficulties and challenges encountered during this process.By establishing new industrial models, improving the applicability and scalability of low-carbon innovation technologies, promoting deeper participation of Western China in global green industrial chains, and enhancing the green financial policy support system, this study explored novel pathways to accelerate the green and low-carbon transition in the region.

This study systematically analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of grain production in Shanxi Province by employing the gravity center migration model, logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI), exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), and grey correlation analysis, with 114 Counties (Cities, Districts) in Shanxi Province as research units. The results showed that the planting area of grain crops exhibited minor fluctuations in Shanxi Province from 2005 to 2021. The gravity centers of both yield and planting area for grain crops (cereals, legumes, and tubers) shifted northward with varying degrees during the study period.Cold spots and sub-cold spots of grain crops and cereal yields showed decreasing trends, while hot spots and sub-hot spots displayed increasing trends from 2005 to 2021. Both cold/sub-cold spots and hot/sub-hot spots of tuber and legume yields demonstrated increasing trends.The yield increase of cereals was primarily attributed to expanded cultivation areas, whereas legume yield decline resulted from reduced per-unit productivity or cultivation areas, and tuber yield decrease was mainly caused by diminished cultivation areas. Key external drivers affecting grain crops (cereals, legumes, and tubers) yields included rural electricity consumption, fertilizer application, effective irrigation area, total population, and mechanized farming area. To enhance sustainable development and supply-demand balance of grain crops production in Shanxi Province, recommendations included reducing non-agricultural occupation of farmland, improving land quality, upgrading agricultural infrastructure, and optimizing subsidy mechanisms.

Based on the survey data of farmers’ crop trusteeship in Shandong Province, the impact of agricultural production trusteeship on farmers’ green production was empirically analyzed by using the PSM (Propensity score matching) method and the mediating -effect model, and the mediating roles of green-technology adoption and peer effect in the influencing mechanism were further explored. The results showed that technical and scale effects could be generated by agricultural production trusteeship, with farmers’green production directly promoted. Moreover, a higher degree of promotion of green production was achieved by full-trusteeship service than by semi-trusteeship service. Farmers’ green production could also be promoted by agricultural production trusteeship through green-technology adoption and peer effect, meaning that mediating roles were played by green-technology adoption and peer effect. Heterogeneity was found in agricultural production trusteeship regarding different operation scales and whether family members engaged in part-time jobs. Specifically, a better promotion effect on the green production of farmers with small-scale operations and families with migrant workers was exerted by agricultural production trusteeship. Therefore, farmers should be encouraged to actively participate in trusteeship services. Training on the application of green technologies should be conducted with the help of trusteeship organizations, and a sound quality-standard system for trusteeship service organizations should be established.

The 20 prefecture-level cities in Guangdong Province (excluding Shenzhen City) from 2013 to 2022 were taken as the research objects. An evaluation index system for digital village development covering five key dimensions was constructed. The entropy-weighted TOPSIS method was adopted to measure the development levels. The Kernel density estimation method, Moran’s I index, and the GeoDetector model were utilized to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and driving factors. It was shown that the overall development level of digital villages in Guangdong Province had been continuously rising. However, significant regional disparities existed, with the Pearl River Delta region taking the lead and the eastern, western, and northern regions of Guangdong facing a “digital divide”. The development level of digital villages demonstrated stable spatial agglomeration characteristics. “High - high” clusters were mainly concentrated in the Pearl River Delta region, and there were cities with structural “leapfrogging”. The driving mechanism of digital village development showed a trend of transformation from exogenous drivers such as government support to endogenous drivers such as innovation input and agricultural level. Finally, targeted countermeasures and suggestions were put forward regarding regional differences, policy linkage, and innovation-driven development in Guangdong Province.

Taking Henan Province as the research object, the entropy method and a coupling coordination model were applied to analyze the development levels and coupling coordination between new urbanization and agricultural economy in Henan Province from 2012 to 2022. On this basis, an obstacle degree model was used to examine the constraining factors affecting their coupled and coordinated development. The results showed that the development levels of both new urbanization and agricultural economy in Henan Province generally showed an upward trend during the study period, with new urbanization progressing at a faster pace than agricultural economy, and significant regional disparities were found between the two; in terms of temporal variation, the coupling coordination degree generally shifted from being on the verge of imbalance to primary coordination. Spatially, it exhibited a pattern of higher coordination in the south and lower in the north; the main obstacle factors affecting the coordinated development of new urbanization and agricultural economy in Henan Province were: The number of public transportation vehicles per 10 000 people, per capita park green space area, crop sown area, the number of agricultural employees, and output of major agricultural products. In light of these findings, the study proposed the following countermeasures to promote coordinated development between new urbanization and agricultural economy in Henan Province: Develop in line with local conditions to enhance their coordination; leverage the radiating effect of advanced cities to drive regional coordinated development; expand per capita park green space and enhance urban public service capacity; stabilize crop cultivation acreage to propel agricultural modernization.

Based on grounded theory, a large amount of literature was reviewed, relevant indicators were screened, and finally, the Analytic Hierarchy Process was used to determine the weights of each indicator. The results showed that the evaluation index system for the development level of the new-type rural collective economy mainly consisted of three first-level indicators: Operation mechanism, development approach, and supervision mechanism, along with nine second-level indicators. Among them, four indicators, namely stable operation mode, industrial integration development, internal supervision, and external supervision, had the greatest impact on the development level of the new-type rural collective economy. Strategies for improving the development level of the new-type rural collective economy were proposed from three aspects.

Twenty-two specific indicators were selected to construct the index system for assessing the performance of rural tourism poverty alleviation in Zhaosu County of Xinjiang from the three dimensions of economy, society and ecology. Hierarchical analysis was used to calculate the weights of the indicators, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to quantitatively assess the performance of rural tourism poverty alleviation in Zhaosu County in combination with the questionnaire data. The results showed that the comprehensive performance of rural tourism poverty alleviation in Zhaosu County was at a medium level, with a score of 76.36. In each dimension, the performance of the economic dimension was at a high level, with a score of 80.50, ranking first. The performances of the ecological dimension and the social dimension were both at a medium level, with scores of 73.44 and 71.52 respectively. The overall performance score of Zhaosu County was low, and there was a lot of room for improvement and enhancement of the poverty alleviation work in rural tourism. In order to improve the performance of Zhaosu County’s tourism poverty alleviation and rural tourism poverty alleviation work, Zhaosu County should strengthen the government’s supervision and guidance, implement accurate and efficient assistance, broaden publicity channels to enhance the visibility of the local community, protect the traditional culture of the local community, create specialised tourism products, and adhere to the ecological protection and governance to promote the sustainable development of rural tourism.