Under the synergistic advancement of the "dual carbon" goals and the rural revitalization strategy, digital and intelligent transformation has become the core path to achieving "high efficiency, low emissions, and high value" in ecological circular agriculture. Taking the aquaponics model as an example, this paper analyzed the opportunities, challenges, and development path of its digital and intelligent-empowered model based on the theoretical framework of "goal-empowerment-industry-mechanism-environment".The aquaponics model achieved precise control of material circulation by constructing a digital and intelligent technology system of "perception-decision-execution", and combined with the extension of the entire industrial chain and policy mechanism support, it formed a low-carbon development model characterized by "technology integration, precise circulation, and diversified value". Practical results indicated that this model increased vegetable yield fivefold compared to traditional planting and fish yield tenfold compared to pond aquaculture. It achieved near-zero application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides along with a water recycling rate approaching 100% which could provide a replicable practical paradigm for the digital and intelligent transformation and low-carbon upgrading of the aquaponics development model.

To achieve real-time detection of strawberry ripeness in complex environments, a lightweight object detection model YOLOv5s-DCC based on an enhanced YOLOv5s architecture was proposed, aiming to enhance both accuracy and computational efficiency. Depthwise separable convolutions were embedded within the backbone structure to reduce computational complexity. The neck section incorporated CARAFE upsampling to enhance the capture of minute features, while the detection head integrated CBAM attention mechanisms. Dynamic weighting improved feature selection performance, resulting in an optimized model balancing detection accuracy and lightweight efficiency. The refined model size was only 13.9 MB, achieving precision, recall, and mean average precision (mAP) of 93.4%, 92.7%, and 95.3%, respectively. Compared to the original YOLOv5s model, precision, recall, and mAP improved by 1.3, 0.9, and 1.6 percentage points, respectively, while reducing parameters by 0.5×10⁶. Compared to mainstream lightweight models such as YOLOX-s, YOLOv7-tiny, and YOLOv8s, YOLOv5s-DCC deliverd the best overall performance. It could meet the real-time strawberry ripeness detection requirements of agricultural harvesting robots in complex environments.

To screen wide-compatibility rice （Oryza sativa L.） germplasm and breed novel inter-subspecific hybrid rice germplasm between indica and japonica accessions, a total of 498 rice lines collected from domestic and international sources were used in this study. Genotyping was performed for genes controlling the fertility of female and male gametes in hybrids derived from indica-japonica crosses. The results showed that in indica rice materials, the frequency of indica-type haplotypes exceeded 90%. In japonica rice materials, the japonica-type genotypes of the three genes Sa, Sb, and S5-ORF3 generally accounted for more than 70%, whereas the three genes Sc, Sd, and Se were predominantly indica-type with the frequencies 87.04%, 79.63% and 79.44%, respectively. Geographically, fertility-related genes in most rice-growing regions of China were primarily indica-type. In Northeast China, the frequency of indica-type fertility genotypes was significantly lower than in other regions, all remaining below 70%. Among foreign resources, Sc and S5-ORF3 exhibited the highest proportion of indica-type, reaching approximately 90%. Additionally, a total of 27 wide-compatibility materials carrying S5ⁿ were detected, most of which had not been reported previously. These materials could be used for indica-japonica hybrid breeding, and provided important material support for making full use of inter-subspecific heterosis.

To overcome the industrial bottleneck of “high quality but low priceˮ of traditional white-grained Jingshan Qiaomi, enrich varietal types and enhance industrial added value, a rapid breeding system was established within a full-growth-period intelligent breeding facility. Using Yangxizao as the recipient parent and Yunnan local rice variety Yunzi No.1 as the donor parent, a breeding strategy involving “one cross, two backcrosses, and three self-crosses” was implemented. This approach was combined with precise screening techniques using gene chips and phenotypic selection, successfully developing a new purple-black-grained Jingshan Qiaomi rice line, named Purple-black Yangxizao. The results showed that the new line retained the core agronomic traits of Yangxizao, including plant type, growth period, and other key characteristics, while achieving the specific improvement of purple-black brown rice. This provided high-quality germplasm resources for the functional and distinctive development of the Jingshan Qiaomi industry.

In order to explore the genetic regulation mechanism of flag leaf and panicle traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and identify the main quantitative trait loci (QTLs), a backcross recombinant inbred lines (BILs) derived from the hybridization-backcross of Habataki and Sasanishiki was used as the experimental material to identify the main QTLs of flag leaf and panicle traits in two environments. The results showed that there were significant differences in flag leaf and panicle traits between parents under different environments. The related traits of BILs varied greatly, showing an approximate normal continuous distribution. There was a significant correlation between panicle traits, and flag leaf traits had an important influence on panicle traits. A total of 42 QTLs were detected, with 7 and 35 QTLs identified for flag leaf traits and panicle traits, respectively. The related loci were distributed on chromosomes 1-10 and 12. Individual QTL explained 7.12%-33.96% of the phenotypic variation, and the additive effect was -20.86-20.88. Among them, qPL5, qGN1.1, qGN5, qSN5.1, qSSR6, qSSR12 and qTGW9 were stably expressed in different environments. The QTLs related to flag leaf traits and panicle traits were clustered on chromosomes. 42 QTLs were distributed on 19 chromosome segments, forming 5 major QTL clusters, including qFLP1, qFLP2, qFLP5, qFLP9 and qFLP12. Among them, the stably expressed major QTL cluster qFLP5 had obvious regulatory effects on flag leaf width, panicle length, panicle weight, spikelet number and filled grain number, which was worthy of further study.

Based on the data from rice regional and production trials conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and various provinces,the analysis was conducted on the basic traits of hybrid varieties with the two-line sterile line 1892S as the maternal parent, which has been approved by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee since 2020 and were suitable for one season mid season rice cultivation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The results showed that the 1892S series combination varieties generally had a medium to long growth period, suitable plant height, large panicles and more grains, dense grain setting per panicle, and high seed setting rate. However, the effective number of panicles was moderate, and most of them were varieties with both panicle and grain balance or large panicle types. Furthermore, 1892S could be used to development combinations with higher head rice yield and better rice quality. The pest and disease resistance of the 1892S series combination varieties needs to be further improved.

In order to screen low-cadmium accumulation rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties suitable for planting in cadmium (Cd)-contaminated farmland in Eastern Hubei Province, 10 medium-late indica rice varieties with low accumulation of Cd were used as research objects, and 2 local hybrid rice varieties were used as the control (CK). Field experiments were carried out in typical Cd-contaminated paddy fields in Daye City to systematically explore the cadmium reduction potential, yield performance and uptake characteristics of trace elements (iron, manganese and zinc) in brown rice of the tested varieties. The results showed that the cadmium content in brown rice of 10 low cadmium accumulation varieties was 0.011~0.078 mg/kg, which was significantly lower than that of the control varieties (P<0.05) and also lower than the national food safety standard limit value, showing the characteristics of low cadmium accumulation, and the contents of heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, chromium and mercury in brown rice all met the national food safety standard limit requirements. In terms of yield, the overall performance of the tested varieties was good, among which the yield of hybrid rice Zhenliangyou 8612 was the highest, reaching 9 947.9 kg/hm², and the yield of conventional rice Kangdao 3 and Kangdao 6 was stable. Nutrient element analysis showed that low-cadmium accumulation varieties maintained low cadmium accumulation in brown rice, while the content of iron and zinc in brown rice did not decrease significantly, and the content in some varieties was even higher than that of the control varieties. Correlation analysis showed that cadmium content in brown rice was significantly positively correlated with manganese content (P<0.000 1), but not significantly correlated with iron and zinc content. In summary, the 10 low-cadmium accumulation rice varieties could achieve safe production and considerable yield in the cadmium-contaminated rice area of Eastern Hubei Province, demonstrating good application prospects.

To investigate the effects of Cu²⁺ on wheat growth and development, three wheat varieties (Luomai 58, Zhoumai 36, and Xinmai 45) were used as materials in a pot soil culture experiment. Five copper ion concentration gradients (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg/kg) were set up to study the changes in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in the leaves and roots of the three wheat varieties under different concentrations of Cu²⁺ stress. The results showed that with increasing copper ion concentration, the MDA content in the leaves and roots of all three varieties gradually increased. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT all initially increased and then decreased. This indicated that copper stress caused oxidative damage to both wheat leaves and roots. Luomai 58 exhibited the smallest increase in MDA content and maintained relatively high levels of antioxidant enzyme activities, suggesting that its tolerance to copper stress was stronger than that of Zhoumai 36 and Xinmai 45.

To systematically review the research status of vermicompost in the field of seedling substrate and evaluate its feasibility as a substitute for peat, a comprehensive review was conducted from the aspects of physicochemical properties, microbial characteristics, compounding systems, crop responses, and action mechanisms. The study showed that vermicompost had suitable bulk density, excellent pore structure, and was rich in organic matter, mineral nutrients, and beneficial microorganisms. Appropriate incorporation could improve substrate aeration and water retention, and promote seed germination and root development. Its growth-promoting mechanism was mainly attributed to the increase in soil microbial diversity, enhancement of enzyme activities, and improvement of the balance of growth regulators. At the level of action mechanisms, vermicompost not only optimized the rhizosphere physicochemical environment but also enhanced crop tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses by regulating the rhizosphere microecology, inducing systemic resistance, and activating the antioxidant defense system. However, problems such as large differences in raw material sources, lack of quality standards, risk of salt accumulation, and pathogen contamination still restricted its industrial application. Future research should focus on the standardization of raw material grading, quality and safety control, and the construction of crop-specific formulation optimization models, and deeply analyze the multi-scale interaction mechanism of “vermicompost-rhizosphere-crop”, so as to construct a green and circular seedling substrate system and promote agricultural carbon emission reduction and resource recycling.

To clarify the effect of green manure incorporation on soil improvement in a protected vineyard, four leguminous green manures, namely common vetch (JKWD), Chinese milk vetch (ZYY), crimson clover (JSY), and smooth vetch (GYSZ), were used as research objects, and the changes in soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents after their incorporation were analyzed. The results showed that green manure incorporation significantly improved soil fertility, with soil organic matter contents significantly increased compared with the control treatment, and simultaneously effectively enhanced the availability of soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients. In terms of enzyme activities, JSY performed the best, with the highest activities of urease, catalase, acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and β-cellobiosidase. Green manures provided sufficient carbon and nitrogen sources for microorganisms through nitrogen increase by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and carbon supplement by organic matter decomposition. Green manure incorporation could effectively improve the soil quality and ecological functions of the protected vineyard, providing a good soil foundation for grape growth.

To investigate the effects of different organic materials returning on the soil microbial community structure in infertile paddy fields, a 7-year （2013—2019） positioning experiment was conducted. Six treatments were set up: no fertilization (T1), conventional fertilization (T2), rapeseed straw returning + chemical fertilizer (T3), broad bean straw returning + chemical fertilizer (T4), rice straw returning + chemical fertilizer (T5), and commercial organic materials + chemical fertilizer (T6). High-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the structure of soil bacterial and fungal communities. The results showed that the addition of organic materials did not significantly affect the number of microbial OTUs or the α-diversity index, but it significantly altered the community structure.Compared with T1 or T2, T3, T4, and T6 significantly changed the relative abundance of bacterial phyla in the soil, including Hydrogenedentes, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Patescibacteria, Omnitrophicaeota, Fibrobacteres, and Gemmatimonadetes; T3 and T6 significantly altered the community composition of the fungal phyla Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Chytridiomycota. Community structure analysis further indicated that T4 had a significant impact on the soil bacterial community structure, while T4, T5, and T6 all significantly affected the soil fungal community structure. Regarding the predicted gene copy numbers in Level 2 functional categories, only the relative abundance of the anticancer drug resistance gene in T5 was lower than that in T1, with no significant differences observed in other Level 2 functional categories.

This study aimed to clarify the effects of applying acidic conditioners on salt reduction, growth promotion, and yield increase in saline-alkali land of southern Xinjiang, and to screen out the most suitable acidic conditioner for improving saline-alkali soil and significantly increasing wheat grain yield. A field experiment was conducted in 2024 in a heavily salinized wheat field at Hongqi Farm near Atushi City, Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang. Six treatments were established: a control check (CK), oxalic acid (OA), citric acid (CA), wood vinegar (WV), fulvic acid (FA), and mineral-source potassium fulvate (FAK). The effects of different treatments on soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), plant height, stem diameter, effective panicle number, grain number per panicle, 1 000-grain weight, and grain yield in the 0-20 cm soil layer were compared. The results showed that various acidic conditioners effectively reduced soil pH, improved the rhizosphere environment, and promoted crop growth. Among them, the citric acid treatment exhibited the most significant soil acidification effect; the fulvic acid treatment demonstrated the strongest desalination effect, showing a good salt leaching action. In terms of crop growth, the application of acidic conditioners increased wheat plant height and stem diameter, and optimized yield components. The yield-increasing effects of the fulvic acid and mineral-source potassium fulvate treatments were the most prominent, primarily achieved by increasing the effective panicle number, grain number per panicle, and 1000-grain weight. Citric acid and wood vinegar also showed certain yield-increasing potential, while the effect of oxalic acid was relatively weak. The comprehensive effects of acidic conditioners on salt reduction, growth promotion, and yield increase were in the order: fulvic acid > mineral-source potassium fulvate > wood vinegar > citric acid > oxalic acid. In the heavily saline-alkali land of Southern Xinjiang, the application of 30 kg/hm² of fulvic acid or 45 kg/hm² of mineral-source potassium fulvate significantly reduced soil salinity and increased crop yield. This technical approach had good potential for regional promotion.

To investigate the effects of rapeseed cake fertilizers with different fat contents on the oil content and quality of tobacco leaves, a field experiment was conducted using the cultivar Yunyan 87. Treatments included conventional fertilization (CF) and combined applications of rapeseed cake fertilizers with low (LFB), medium (MFB), and high (HFB) fat contents. Photosynthetic pigment contents, glandular trichome density, and petroleum ether extract content in tobacco leaves were measured at the topping and mature stages. The cembrenediol content and the relative content of higher fatty acids in cured tobacco leaves were also analyzed to comprehensively evaluate their economic value. The results showed that compared with CF, the rapeseed cake fertilizer treatments (LFB, MFB, HFB) increased the photosynthetic pigment contents in tobacco leaves. Among these, the high fat-content rapeseed cake fertilizer treatment resulted in the highest photosynthetic pigment content at the topping stage, but its content was lower than that of the low fat-content rapeseed cake fertilizer and medium fat-content rapeseed cake fertilizer treatments at the mature stage. The medium fat-content rapeseed cake fertilizer increased the glandular trichome density in middle and lower tobacco leaves, enhanced the petroleum ether extract content in upper leaves, and elevated the cembrenediol content and the relative contents of saturated fatty acids (myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid) in cured middle leaves. This led to improved sensory quality and increased proportions of high-grade tobacco leaves and average price. The high fat-content rapeseed cake fertilizer increased the glandular trichome density in upper leaves, boosted the petroleum ether extract content in middle leaves at the topping stage and the cembrenediol content in cured tobacco leaves, and enhanced the yield and output value of tobacco leaves. In conclusion, the application of medium fat-content rapeseed cake fertilizer and high fat-content rapeseed cake fertilizer was a feasible organic fertilization strategy for achieving high-quality production of tobacco leaves and substituting conventional chemical fertilizers.

Aiming at the problems of soil degradation and quality decline caused by flue-cured tobacco continuous cropping, the deep driving mechanism and precise regulation path of continuous cropping obstacles were revealed from the coupling perspective of “soil health-microbial function-tobacco leaf quality”. The study found that although continuous cropping improved soil available nutrients in the short term, the negative effects caused by soil acidification and loss of microbial diversity (especially the decrease in fungal diversity and abnormal relative abundance of Acidobacteria) offset the nutrient gains. The imbalance of fungal community structure was a key factor driving changes in enzyme activities. By inhibiting oxidoreductase activities and disrupting the synergistic balance of the enzyme system, it indirectly restricted the synthesis and accumulation of petroleum ether extract, ultimately leading to a decline in the aroma quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves. Adjusting soil pH to 5.5-6.0 by applying calcareous materials or biochar, and synergistically implementing comprehensive strategies of balanced fertilization, targeted remodeling of enzyme activity profiles (enhancing oxidoreductases and inhibiting specific hydrolases), and restoring microbial functions were aimed at effectively alleviating continuous cropping obstacles through the overall restoration of the micro-ecosystem, thereby achieving a synergistic improvement in the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco.

In order to mitigate the negative impacts associated with chemical fertilizer application, an investigation was conducted to examine the effects of mushroom residue organic fertilizer on soil enzyme activities and bacterial communities. A field experiment was established with a control group of sweet potato fields that received no basal fertilizer (SPC) and an experimental group treated with mushroom residue organic fertilizer at a rate of 24 000 kg/hm² (SPE). Rhizosphere soil samples from sweet potato plants were collected at 0, 30, and 60 days post-application for subsequent analysis. The results indicated that, compared to the SPC group, the catalase activity in the SPE group significantly increased by 66.7% (P<0.01), and urease activity significantly increased by 7.7% (P<0.05), while no significant differences were observed in sucrase activities at 30 days. At 60 days, compared to the SPC group, the activities of sucrase, urease, and catalase were significantly increased by 47.8%, 50.0%, and 300.0% (P<0.01), respectively, while no significant differences were observed in three phosphatase activities. Diversity analysis revealed that, compared with the SPC group, the SPE treatment enhanced both the diversity and richness of the soil bacterial community. High-throughput sequencing results demonstrated that while no significant differences were observed in relative abundance at the phylum level, notable changes occurred at the genus level. Compared with the SPC group, the relative abundances of Massilia and Devosia in the SPE group increased by 108.7% and 214.3%, respectively, at 30 days, whereas the relative abundance of Pseudomonas decreased by 90.4%. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) further indicated that the application of mushroom residue organic fertilizer led to significant alterations in the bacterial community structure.

To investigate the effects of substituting partial chemical fertilizer nitrogen with organic fertilizer nitrogen on maize (Zea mays L.) yield components, nutrient uptake and nitrogen fertilizer utilization, a randomized block experiment was conducted. Six treatments were established: no fertilization (CK0), 100% chemical fertilizer (CK, 225 kg/hm² pure nitrogen), 90% chemical fertilizer+ 10% bio-organic fertilizer (10%OF), 80% chemical fertilizer + 20% bio-organic fertilizer (20%OF), 70% chemical fertilizer + 30% bio-organic fertilizer (30%OF), and 60% chemical fertilizer + 40% bio-organic fertilizer (40%OF). The total applied amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients were consistent across all fertilization treatments. The effects of different combined application ratios of chemical fertilizer nitrogen and organic fertilizer nitrogen on maize growth and development, yield, nutrient uptake and fertilizer utilization efficiency were investigated. The results showed that the combined application of bio-organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer promoted maize growth, improved ear characteristics, increased yield, and enhanced nutrient uptake in maize. Compared with the CK treatment, kernel number per row increased by 3.12%-10.91%, 100-kernel weight increased by 1.13%-3.13%, yield increased by 5.17%-14.28%, grain nitrogen uptake increased by 5.38%-14.80%, grain phosphorus uptake increased by 25.12%-65.16%, grain potassium uptake increased by 3.34%-19.80%, and the apparent nitrogen use efficiency increased by 14.97%-41.10%. Among all treatments, the combination of 20% bio-organic fertilizer and 80% chemical fertilizer was most effective in improving plant nutrient uptake capacity, achieving the highest yield increase rate and nitrogen use efficiency.

In view of the key role of soil organic carbon (SOC) in maintaining the stability and the carbon cycle balance of tropical ecosystems, Hainan Island was selected as the research area. Based on the data of 884 soil organic carbon sampling points in Hainan Island, combined with the soil survey data, climate data, biological data and multi-source remote sensing data (including Landsat 5 optical images, ALOS-1 SAR data, etc.) of Hainan Island, the random forest algorithm (RF) was used for feature selection. The prediction accuracy of extreme gradient boosting tree (XGBoost), artificial neural network (ANN) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models were systematically compared and the corresponding SOC spatial distribution was generated. On this basis, the spatial distribution characteristics of SOC in Hainan Island were analyzed. The results showed that the spatial distribution of SOC was affected by many environmental factors such as climate, topography and parent material. The importance of the simple ratio index (SR) and the structure insensitive pigment index (SIPI) in biological data was more than 25%, the importance of elevation was the third, the importance was 18%, and the importance of each climate data was about 10%. The SOC content in the central mountainous area, the eastern coastal area and the southern mangrove area of Hainan Island was high, while the SOC content in the western coastal area was low. The carbon storage of different land use types showed forest soil (10.10 g/kg)>wetland soil (8.91 g/kg)> farmland soil (8.90 g/kg) > grassland soil (8.19 g/kg) > urban and construction land soil (8.04 g/kg).

In order to construct the ecological security pattern of the fluvo-aquic soil area in the North China Plain and provide a practical path for its regional ecological restoration and sustainable agricultural development, based on the data of land use, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), elevation and net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation, the morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) model and minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model were used to extract the main ecological sources, comprehensive ecological resistance surface and ecological corridors in the region, the regional ecological security pattern was constructed and the corresponding optimization schemes were proposed. The results showed that a total of 10 primary ecological sources and 6 secondary ecological sources were identified, with a total area of 3 528.4 km², which were concentrated in the upstream river wetlands of the Huaihe River Basin, such as Xiangcheng City, Xiayi County and Yanling County. A total of 31 ecological corridors were extracted, with a total length of 2 543.3 km. They were distributed along the river and depended on the farmland and forest network, but were significantly disturbed by human activities, mostly distributed in Luyi County and Dancheng County in the south of the study area. Based on the evaluation results of the ecological security pattern, the ecological function zoning and security pattern optimization schemes of the ecological conservation area along the Yellow River, the southern ecological development protection area and the plain agricultural ecological restoration area were proposed.

In order to coordinate economic development, cultivated land protection and ecological protection, the Hotan Prefecture in Xinjiang was taken as the research area. Based on the land use data from 1990 to 2020, 12 driving factors in natural, social and economic aspects, and three scenarios of economic development, cultivated land protection and ecological protection were set to simulate the land use status in 2050 by the PLUS model. The results showed that from 1990 to 2020, the study area was dominated by unused land. The area of unused land, cultivated land, construction land and grassland showed an increasing trend, while the area of water and forest land decreased significantly. Taking 2010 as the base period, the PLUS model was used to predict the land use status in 2020, and the results were compared with the actual data. The results showed that the overall accuracy of the model was 0.987, the Kappa coefficient was 0.971, and the simulation effect was good. Multi-scenario simulations showed that under the cultivated land protection scenario, the area of cultivated land increased the most, but the area of forestland and grassland decreased, resulting in the decline of ecosystem services such as soil and water conservation and water retention. Under the economic development scenario, construction land expanded substantially. Under the ecological protection scenario, the intensity of cultivated land protection was relatively moderate, but the total amount was guaranteed, which effectively slowed down the occupation of ecological land. Through comprehensive comparison, the ecological protection scenario was more consistent with the future sustainable development direction of the study area.

To reveal the spatial distribution characteristics of the ant species Formica fusca in China, a systematic analysis of its distribution pattern was conducted based on the specimens and related data of geographical distribution, habitats, foraging and nesting sites of the species collected in the field survey from 1995 to 2025. The results showed that Formica fusca was distributed across 14 provincial administrative regions of China. Its horizontal distribution showed a distribution center in the southwest mountainous region and a gradient decrease to the northeast. In vertical distribution, the altitude range of the species was between 165 m and 4 563 m with vertical height difference of 4 398 m, demonstrating a wide ecological amplitude. The collected frequency showed that the species was most concentrated in the mid-altitude range of 2 000-2 499 m. As the altitude increased or decreased, the collected frequency decreased gradually. It indicated that the mid-altitude range was the core distribution area of the species. In terms of habitat, the ant mainly inhabited warm coniferous forest and warm coniferous-broadleaf mixed forest, mainly foraged on the ground, in soil, and on plants, and its nesting sites were mainly under stones and in the soil. Formica fusca preferred temperate and cool environments at medium altitudes. Its high-suitability areas in China were concentrated in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the southern section of the Hengduan Mountains, and the surrounding areas of the Sichuan Basin. This was closely related to the subtropical humid climate influenced by the warm and moist air currents from the Indian Ocean. The southwest mountainous region of China, characterized by its subtropical climate, complex topography, and diverse microhabitats, was therefore the core distribution area of the species.

The regulatory mechanisms by which brassinolide (BR) modulated nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency in Rhododendron were investigated. The results demonstrated that an optimal BR concentration (20 μmol/L) significantly promoted plant growth, enhanced photosynthetic performance, and improved root system architecture, thereby strengthening the uptake and utilization capacity for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The expression of key nutrient transporter genes, including the nitrogen transporter NRT1.1, the phosphate transporter PHT1.1, and the potassium transporter HAK5, was markedly upregulated by BR treatment. In addition, rhizospheric enzyme activities and microbial diversity were enhanced by BR, leading to an improved microenvironment for nutrient acquisition. Under reduced fertilization conditions, the adverse effects of nutrient deficiency on plant growth were effectively mitigated by BR. Collectively, it was indicated that BR enhanced nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency in Rhododendron through coordinated mechanisms involving root development, transcriptional regulation of transporter genes, and optimization of the rhizosphere microecological environment.

To investigate the effects of full-period plastic mulching on the quality and aroma metabolism of flue-cured tobacco in high-altitude and rainy tobacco-growing areas, a field experiment was conducted in Xingyi City, Qianxinan Prefecture, Guizhou Province. Two treatments were set up: Conventional film removal at 40 days after transplanting (CK) and full-period plastic mulching (FM). The main chemical components, sensory quality and metabolomic characteristics of C3F tobacco leaves were analyzed. The results showed that compared with CK, FM significantly increased the contents of reducing sugars, nicotine, potassium and total nitrogen in tobacco leaves, and highly significantly reduced starch accumulation, leading to more coordinated overall chemical composition. Sensory smoking evaluation indicated that FM significantly improved aroma quantity, aftertaste and other indexes, with the total sensory score increasing by 6.45% compared with CK. A total of 178 significantly differential metabolites were identified by metabolomic analysis, among which key aroma substances such as trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal, phenethyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, citral and (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal were significantly enriched under FM treatment. Further Mantel analysis revealed that the differential changes of these key metabolites were significantly correlated with the variation patterns of sensory indexes including aroma quantity and aftertaste(P<0.05). In conclusion, full-period plastic mulching improved the aroma quality and sensory style of flue-cured tobacco in rainy tobacco areas by regulating and promoting the accumulation of key aroma metabolite profiles.

To investigate the regulatory mechanism of transplanting date on leaf development of Yunyan 87 tobacco in Shaowu tobacco-growing area of Fujian Province, and to clarify the quantitative contributions of key meteorological factors, thereby providing theoretical support for optimizing the transplanting date in this region, an experiment was conducted in 2024 with four transplanting date treatments (February 28, March 8, March 18, and March 28). The changes in middle-leaf morphology, anatomical structure, and cell wall cellulose and lignin contents at the squaring stage were analyzed. Correlation analysis and hierarchical decomposition were performed in combination with meteorological data, including temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation during the growth period. The results showed that the Y3 treatment (transplanted on March 18) exhibited superior leaf morphology and structure, characterized by a broad-rounded leaf shape, the largest palisade cell area, appropriate levels of palisade-to-spongy tissue ratio (P/S) and palisade-to-leaf ratio (CTR) and leaf area not significantly different from the optimal treatment (Y2) but significantly higher than that in the too-early or too-late transplanting treatments. Premature transplanting led to insufficient leaf expansion and narrow leaves; delayed transplanting resulted in an obvious increase in spongy tissue thickness and an obvious decrease in P/S and CTR. Contribution rate analysis of meteorological factors indicated that air temperature was the key factor regulating leaf thickness, solar radiation primarily regulated palisade tissue density and the P/S ratio, while precipitation was the dominant factor with the highest comprehensive contribution, mainly regulating palisade tissue porosity and spongy tissue thickness. Under the ecological conditions of the Shaowu tobacco-growing area, transplanting in mid-March optimized the synchronization of the tobacco growth period with light, temperature, and water resources, facilitating the formation of leaf structures with coordinated palisade and spongy tissues and balanced cell wall components. This laid a structural foundation for mitigating early-stage waterlogging stress and resisting late-stage high-temperature and drought stress, making it a suitable transplanting date for producing high-quality tobacco leaves.

To improve the evaluation system for chemical components of strip tobacco and clarify the chemical characteristics of strip tobacco raw materials from a certain China Tobacco Corporation as well as their correlation with sensory quality, strip tobacco samples collected during 2020-2023 were used as research materials, fuzzy mathematics and ArcGIS were applied for comprehensive evaluation of chemical component availability, and the impact of chemical components on sensory quality was analyzed. The results showed that the overall quality of strip tobacco raw materials from this corporation was good, exhibiting characteristics of unstable total sugar and reducing sugar contents as well as low potassium levels. There were significant differences in potassium content, reducing sugar, total sugar, total nitrogen and nitrogen‑alkali ratio among varieties. Compared with strip tobacco from foreign producing areas, domestic strip tobacco featured lower nicotine and chlorine contents but higher reducing sugar and total sugar contents. The chlorine content of strip tobacco in most producing areas was below 0.30%, with low-chlorine areas mainly concentrated in western China. The spatial distribution map of the Tobacco Chemical Component Usability Index (CCUI) of strip tobacco raw materials showed a decreasing trend from west to east. Chemical components mainly affected irritation, dryness, aroma quantity, permeability, smoothness, and sweetness. Regional differences existed in the strip tobacco of this corporation: Producing areas such as Yunnan and Sichuan had higher CCUI values, which were compatible with the requirements of the cigarette industry. In contrast, regions with lower CCUI values needed to focus on optimizing the contents of nicotine, potassium, and chlorine in their chemical composition to enhance applicability for cigarette formulation.

To grasp the species composition, endangerment status, and geographical distribution characteristics of national key protected wild plants in the Shennongjia Forestry District, providing a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation in this region. Based on the 2021 updated List of National Key Protected Wild Plants, an analysis of the national key protected wild plants in the Shennongjia Forestry District was conducted by integrating literature reviews, herbarium specimen data, and field verification. Geographic comparative analysis was employed to compare the floristic characteristics with those of other typical mountainous areas in Central China. Furthermore, a comparative analysis between the 1999 and 2021 editions of the protection list was performed to reveal dynamic changes. The results showed that, the Shennongjia Forestry District hosted 90 species (including infraspecific taxa) of national key protected wild plants, belonging to 56 genera and 35 families. Compared to the 1999 list, the total number of protected species increased by 291%, with newly added species primarily consisting of herbaceous and non-zonal plants from families such as Orchidaceae and Melanthiaceae. The flora included 1 endemic family, 9 endemic genera, and 69 endemic species to China. Orchidaceae and the genus Paris were the most species-rich family and genus, respectively. A total of 57 species were threatened (comprising CR, EN, and VU categories), accounting for 63.3% of the total. Species were predominantly distributed in mid-altitude zones between 1 000 and 1 800 m, and the floristic composition was mainly characterized by temperate elements. Geographic comparative analysis showed that Shennongjia shared a similar temperate nature with the Funiu Mountains, but its proportion of endemic genera was 2.6 to 3.5 times higher than that of other regional mountains of the same type. This indicated a high degree of coupling between "strong temperate affinity" and "extreme endemism". The Shennongjia Forestry District harbored rich resources of national key protected wild plants with high endemism and a significant degree of endangerment, the updates to its protection list had shifted from merely expanding species numbers towards emphasizing the protection of ecosystem integrity. Geographic comparisons further confirmed that the region possessed the only intact vertical ecosystem in Central China, characterized by both pronounced temperate attributes and extreme endemism, making it a crucial mountainous refuge for relict plants in East Asia. Targeted measures were recommended to enhance species monitoring, holistic habitat conservation, and population restoration efforts in this area.

To clarify the impact mechanism of meteorological factors on the yield of the first harvest of geo-authentic Qiai (Artemisia argyi), daily meteorological observation data from the Qichun National Basic Weather Station from 1995 to 2025 were analyzed. After examining the interannual variation trends of various meteorological indicators, the main meteorological factors were identified through correlation analysis between the county-wide first-harvest yield from 2018 to 2025 and multiple meteorological elements during the key growth period (January to May). Seven machine learning or regression algorithms, including LightGBM, Multiple Linear Regression, Ridge Regression, Lasso Regression, Random Forest Regression, SVR, and XGBoost, were selected to construct yield prediction models. The results showed that from 1995 to 2025, the average temperature, active accumulated temperature ≥0 ℃, and active accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃ during the first-harvest growing season of Qiai all increased significantly, with climatic tendency rates of 0.40 ℃/10 years, 46.73 ℃·d/10 years, and 33.40 ℃·d/10 years, respectively. The diurnal temperature range showed a weak increasing trend (climatic tendency rate of 0.11 ℃/10 years). The number of precipitation days showed no significant trend, mainly characterized by interannual fluctuations. Sunshine hours showed a significant decreasing trend, with a climatic tendency rate of -43.66 h/10 years. Average relative humidity showed a slight decreasing trend, with a climatic tendency rate of -0.09%/10 years. The average number of frost-free days was 137.4 days, with a climatic tendency rate of 0.767 5 d/10 years. Through a comprehensive evaluation of the fitting of the seven models, the LightGBM model was identified as the best, with a validation set R² of 0.999 9 and a relative error of only 0.48%, significantly outperforming all other models. Based on the correlation analysis heatmap and combined with the feature importance analysis from LightGBM, it was determined that thermal conditions (active accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃) were the most critical factor affecting the yield of the first harvest of Qiai, with a contribution of 22.5%.

Using the fresh weight of leaves, fresh weight of roots, main root length, rhizome diameter, middle root diameter, and number of leaves as candidate indicators, four key grading indices:Fresh root weight, rhizome diameter, middle root diameter, and main root length,were identified for Isatidis Radix mother plants used for seed production through correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. Based on these findings, a three-grade classification standard for mother plants was established as follows: Grade Ⅰ: fresh root weight ≥ 189 g, rhizome diameter ≥ 2.5 cm, middle root diameter ≥ 2.0 cm, and main root length ≥ 30 cm; Grade Ⅱ: 189 g > fresh root weight ≥ 87 g, 2.5 cm > rhizome diameter ≥ 1.8 cm, 2.0 cm > middle root diameter ≥ 1.7 cm, and main root length ≥ 30 cm; Grade Ⅲ: 87 g > fresh root weight ≥ 58 g, 1.8 cm > rhizome diameter ≥ 1.4 cm, 1.7 cm > middle root diameter ≥ 1.4 cm, and main root length ≥ 30 cm. Quality analysis showed that the contents of (R,S)-goitrin and ethanol-soluble extracts in all graded samples met the standards specified in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, with ethanol-soluble extract content being particularly prominent. According to this standard, superior individual plants were selected during the field harvesting process of Isatidis Radix production, and the selected elite plant population was used as mother plants for seed production.

An efficient and stable genetic transformation system for Rheum officinale Baill. was established. Using aseptic seedlings as explant materials, key parameters including explant type for infection, hormone ratios in the co-culture medium, and kanamycin concentration for transformant selection were optimized. The results showed that calli induced from petioles were suitable for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. After infection, the explants were cultured on co-culture medium (MS + 2.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.8 mg/L NAA + 0.5 g/L CH + 33 g/L Sugar + 6.5 g/L Agar,pH=5.9) in darkness at (23 ± 2) ℃ for 2 days. The co-cultured calli were then transferred to selection medium (MS + 0.8 mg/L NAA + 33 g/L Sugar + 6.5 g/L Agar + 25 mg/L Kan + 250 mg/L Carb + 250 mg/L Tim,pH=5.6) for resistance screening, from which adventitious buds of Rheumofficinale were successfully regenerated. These buds were excised at the base and inoculated onto proliferation medium (MS + 0.8 mg/L NAA + 1.6 mg/L KT + 33 g/L Sugar + 6.5 g/L Agar,pH=5.9) for propagation, yielding resistant plantlets. Putative transgenic plants were verified at multiple levels via GUS histochemical staining, PCR amplification, and qRT-PCR analysis. After rooting, acclimatization, and transplantation, the positive plants could be applied in industrial production. Based on GFP fluorescence detection, the positive transformation efficiency of this optimized system reached 12.5%.

To investigate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of Flemingia prostrata extract (Fle) on dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in female C57BL/6 mice, twenty-one 8-week-old female mice were acclimated and randomly selected for three groups (n=6) after evaluating hair growth cycles and determining the AGA model establishment time: control group (DHT), minoxidil group (DHT + 2% topical minoxidil), and Fle group (DHT + oral Fle). DHT was applied topically on the shaved back of all mice daily for 15 days to induce hair loss. After the model was established, treatments were applied according to the schedule, with periodic photos taken to monitor hair regeneration. After 21 days of treatment, the mice were euthanized, and the hair diameter of back skin was measured. The back skin was collected for HE staining, and serum DHT levels were measured using ELISA. Results showed that in DHT-induced AGA mice, symptoms including a prolonged telogen phase, suppressed hair growth and follicular miniaturization were observed. Compared to the mice in control and minoxidil groups, oral Fle significantly promoted hair regeneration and increased hair shaft diameter in AGA mice. HE staining showed that oral Fle effectively restored the pathological changes caused by DHT, including reduced hair follicle count, decreased hair bulb depth, and smaller follicle volume. ELISA results indicated that oral Fle reduced serum DHT levels in AGA mice. Oral Fle shortened the time for AGA mice to transition from the telogen phase to anagen, promoted hair regeneration, increased hair shaft diameter, and lowered serum DHT levels.

To address the problems of insufficient aroma, heavy off-flavors of cigar tobacco leaves from production area of Laifeng, Hubei Province, four compound enzymes (enzyme A, enzyme B, enzyme C, enzyme D) were used as treatment agents with three concentration gradients (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%). The filler tobacco leaves were sprayed with the enzymes, and the improvement effect of compound enzymes on cigar tobacco quality was investigated through physical and chemical index detection (petroleum ether extract, tobacco nicotine, mainstream smoke nicotine, aroma components) and sensory evaluation. The results showed that compared with the blank control (CK), all enzyme treatment groups increased the content of petroleum ether extract in tobacco leaves (increase range of 21.7%~120.0%), among which the 0.1% enzyme C group had the highest content (13.2%); the 0.3% enzyme C group had the lowest tobacco nicotine content (22.89 mg/g), which was 27.8% lower than that of CK; the mainstream smoke nicotine reduction was most significant in the 0.2% enzyme C group (from 1.19 mg/stick to 0.07 mg/stick, a reduction of 94.1%); the relative content of total aroma substances in mainstream smoke was highest in the 0.3% enzyme A group (12.9%, an increase of 316% compared to CK); in the sensory evaluation, the total score of the 0.3% enzyme A group reached 83 points, 8 points higher than that of CK (75 points). The optimal improvement scheme screened in this study was 0.3% enzyme A group, which could effectively improve the industrial usability of cigar tobacco leaves in Laifeng production area and provided technical support for the quality improvement of Chinese-style cigar raw materials.

To optimize the airing process of tobacco lamina, clarify the influence rules of different packaging methods on the temperature, humidity, and moisture distribution of tobacco lamina during the airing period, and determine the optimal airing time, central premium CFS tobacco from Hebei Province was taken as the experimental material and three treatments: no inner liner bag, perforated inner liner bag, and non-perforated inner liner bag were set. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technology was adopted to analyze the moisture distribution characteristics of tobacco lamina, and combined with continuous temperature and humidity monitoring, the moisture dynamic changes of tobacco lamina within a 15-day airing period were systematically explored. The results showed that the three packaging methods had significant effects on the temperature, humidity, and moisture distribution of tobacco lamina, among which the no inner liner bag treatment had the fastest moisture migration rate, the non-perforated inner liner bag treatment exhibited the strongest moisture retention capacity, while the perforated inner liner bag achieved the best comprehensive performance in humidity regulation and moisture uniformity maintenance. Based on the moisture variation rules and practical process requirements, the optimal airing times corresponding to the no inner liner bag, non-perforated inner liner bag, and perforated inner liner bag were determined to be 7 days, 6 days, and 7 days, respectively. The findings of this study could provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the precise control of the airing process of tobacco lamina.

This study employed a multi-model evaluation method to systematically assess the in vitro antioxidant activity of Dendrobium officinale flowers from Yandang Mountain, and to compare the differences in their activity under various drying and storage conditions, thereby providing a theoretical basis for quality control and further development. The contents of total phenols and total flavonoids in differently processed samples were determined. The antioxidant activity was comprehensively evaluated using various in vitro models, including DPPH·,ABTS⁺·,·OH, and O₂^-· radical scavenging capacities, Fe²⁺ chelating ability, and Fe³⁺ reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), with vitamin C and EDTA as positive controls. The IC₅₀ values were calculated. Ultimately, the antioxidant activity of Dendrobium officinale flowers from Yandang Mountain under different drying and storage conditions was evaluated independently using 8 models and comprehensively evaluated through PCA dimensionality reduction. The results showed that Dendrobium officinale flowers from Yandang Mountain were rich in phenolic and flavonoids and exhibited broad-spectrum, concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. They performed particularly well in scavenging ·OH and also possessed certain metal ion chelating and reducing abilities. Different antioxidant indicators showed varying sensitivities to processing conditions, ·OH scavenging ability was the most sensitive, while O₂^-· scavenging ability was less affected by the process. Among drying methods, freeze drying significantly outperformed hot-air drying in most indicators. Regarding storage temperature, -80 ℃ freezing was generally better than -18 ℃ freezing.

Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), as an important active component of traditional Chinese medicine, have impurities such as monosaccharides and phenolic acids remaining during its production process, which seriously affect the safety and efficacy of the drug. In order to control its quality, this study aimed to establish an analytical method for the simultaneous detection of trace monosaccharides and phenolic acids impurities in APS. A multi-dimensional detection method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was established. The gradient elution program (acetonitrile -5 mmol/L ammonium formate, pH 4.5) was optimized by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), and combined with the multi-reaction monitoring mode (MRM) of triple quadrupole mass spectrometry,the precise separation and quantification of monosaccharides (glucose, galactose) and phenolic acid (protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid) impurities were achieved. Methodological validation indicated that the detection limit of the target substance was 0.03-0.08 ng/mL, the linear range was 0.2-50 ng/mL (R²≥0.999 3), the recovery rate was 93.7%-104.1%, and the precision RSD was ≤5.5%. The actual sample tests showed that the total impurity content (4.5-5.2 μg/g) of the three batches of APS met the pharmacopoeia standards. This method broke through the bottleneck of traditional analytical techniques and provided key technical support for the "component-impurity" dual-standard quality control system of polysaccharide components in traditional Chinese medicine.

To reveal the influence mechanism of ventilation structure on the internal thermal flow field of heated tobacco products, a gas-solid two-phase heat transfer model based on porous media was constructed. The evolution law of the thermal flow field under different ventilation hole arrangements was investigated. The results indicated that drilling holes in the cooling section had an impact on the temperature of the tobacco section, and the cooling effect of the samples with two rows of holes was more obvious. Under the condition of the same total number of holes (both 6 holes) but different distributions, the outlet aerosol temperature of the sample with one row of 6 holes was generally higher than that of the sample with two rows of 3 holes. Moreover, the temperature decrease rate of the sample with two rows of 3 holes in the cooling section was faster, demonstrating better heat dissipation performance. Under the condition of the same number of rows (both 2 rows) but different numbers of holes per row, the variation trends of the outlet aerosol temperature for the samples with two rows of 3 holes and two rows of 6 holes were basically consistent, and the difference in cooling efficiency was not significant. The arrangement of ventilation holes significantly affected the temperature field and flow field distribution inside the heated tobacco products. Increasing the number of ventilation hole rows effectively expanded the turbulent mixing region and enhanced the heat exchange efficiency between the air and the high-temperature aerosol, thereby reducing the outlet aerosol temperature.

To speed up the building of China into an agricultural powerhouse and promote the basic realization of agricultural modernization in Guangxi by 2035, an evaluation index system for the modernization of the agricultural industry chain and supply chain that included 22 indicators from five dimensions: foundation, innovation, collaboration, resilience, and green was constructed. Based on the entropy weight-TOPSIS method, the modernization level of the agricultural industry chain and supply chain in Guangxi from 2014 to 2023 was evaluated and its obstacles were diagnosed. The results indicated that the modernization level of the agricultural industry chain and supply chain in Guangxi had generally made a leap from the preparatory stage to the basic stage of modernization, and gradually developed in a balanced manner; the obstacle factors affecting the modernization of the agricultural industry chain and supply chain in Guangxi would shift from basic factors to innovative and collaborative factors in 2021. Finally, suggestions of adhering to the development concept of innovation as the first driving force,promoting the collaborative integration between the industrial chain and the supply chain,deepening open cooperation between China and ASEAN,and strengthening the construction of logistics modernization system were put forward.

To enhance the resilience of the agricultural economy and promote high-quality agricultural development,based on panel data from 31 provinces in China from 2013 to 2023, a two-way fixed effects model was used to empirically examine the impact of the development of new agricultural business entities on agricultural economic resilience. The results showed that the development of new agricultural business entities could significantly enhance agricultural economic resilience;mechanism testing indicated that the development of new agricultural business entities could strengthen agricultural economic resilience through agricultural technological innovation and agricultural production services; heterogeneity analysis found that the development of new agricultural business entities in central China had a more significant impact on agricultural economic resilience compared to the eastern and western regions, and among the three types of entities, the impact was ranked as agricultural enterprises > family farms > agricultural cooperatives. Based on this, it was necessary to cultivate new agricultural business entities in a differentiated manner, strengthen their important role in agricultural economic resilience, accelerate agricultural technological innovation and improve agricultural production services, and fully leverage their role in enhancing agricultural economic resilience.

To explore the mechanism of grain supply chain resilience improvement in the digital era and ensure national food security,based on provincial panel data from 2011 to 2023, the two-way fixed effects model, mediation effect model, and threshold effect model were used to examine the impact and mechanism of digital rural construction on grain supply chain resilience. The findings indicated that digital rural construction significantly promoted the improvement of grain supply chain resilience. Mechanism analysis revealed that the improvement in the accessibility of agriculture-related loans and the upgrading of industrial structure constituted crucial channels through which digital rural construction enhanced the resilience of the grain supply chain. Heterogeneity analysis showed that the promotion effect of digital rural construction on grain supply chain resilience was more pronounced in eastern China and major grain-producing areas. Additionally, there existed a significant dual threshold effect of digital rural construction and human capital in the process of digital rural construction enhancing grain supply chain resilience.