The rural revitalization strategy is the overall focus of the "agriculture, rural areas, and farmers" work in the new era. As a crucial foothold for agricultural scientific and technological innovation and agricultural talent cultivation, the quality of Party building work in agricultural research institutions directly affects the effectiveness of the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This study focused on the internal relationship between high-quality Party building in agricultural research institutions and rural revitalization as the core, used the method of theoretical interpretation and case analysis to carry out the research according to the logic of "practical significance-practical exploration-problem analysis-countermeasures and suggestions", summarized the practical effects of Party building leading the revitalization of rural industry, ecology and talents, and analyzed the difficulties of current work in power supply, mechanism construction, service coverage, etc. On this basis, countermeasures from the dimensions of strengthening theoretical armament, focusing on the main responsibility and main business, improving the incentive mechanism, and optimizing supervision and assessment were put forward, so as to provide theoretical support and practical reference for promoting the deep integration of Party building in agricultural research institutions and rural revitalization, helping the construction of strong agricultural province in Hubei Province, and building "land of fish and rice" in the new era.

The analysis of the genetic mechanism of panicle traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and the identification of its excellent alleles were important directions for crop genetic improvement research. It was of great significance to systematically reveal the quantitative trait loci (QTL) and its molecular regulatory network that controled the panicle phenotype for rice high-yield breeding. Using 208 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) constructed by Changhui 121 and Koshihikari, QTLs for panicle length, primary branch number and secondary branch number were mapped under two environments (Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province in 2021 and Sanya City, Hainan Province in 2022). A total of 19 QTLs for panicle traits were mapped on chromosomes 1-6,8,11 and 12, respectively. The phenotypic contribution rate of a single locus was 3.94%-10.51%. Among them, qPL-8, qPNB-2-2 and qSNB-12 could be repeatedly detected in both environments. The phenotypic identification of four CSSLs (CSSL50, CSSL125, CSSL187 and CSSL205) at qSNB-12 locus showed that this locus had a stable additive effect.

Based on the National Corn Industry Technology System, 24 new waxy maize(Zea mays L. certina kulesht) varieties were selected as materials to carry out a variety comparison test, and the yield, quality, resistance and other agronomic traits of each variety were analyzed in order to screen out high-yield and good-quality breakthrough new waxy maize varieties suitable for planting in Enshi Prefecture of Hubei Province and meeting market demand. The results showed that the comprehensive resistance of 24 tested varieties was good, and the yield of 12 varieties was more than 5% higher than that of the control. Among them, the yield of Qiannuo 222, Zuntiannuo 203, Yunuo 2691 and Zhetiannuo 89 was high, which was more than 10% higher than that of the control variety Yunuo 7. The appearance and cooking quality scores of Zuntiannuo 203, Yunuo 2691 and Zhetiannuo 89 were 88 points, which were high-yield and good-quality varieties and suitable for promotion and planting in Enshi Prefecture, Hubei Province.

Substrate combination and planting density are the key factors affecting the yield and economic benefits of pre-basic seed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). To optimize cultivation techniques and enhance production efficiency, the effects of different substrate combinations and planting densities on the yield and economic benefits of pre-basic seed potatoes in high-altitude regions were studied by using the two-factor randomized block design with the virus-free seedlings of the late-maturing variety Zangnongshu No.1 as materials. The results showed that among the substrate combinations, treatment A1 (coconut coir∶peat = 2∶1, volume ratio, similarly hereinafter) produced the highest number of effective seed and the best economic benefits. Treatment A2 (vermiculite∶peat = 2∶1) resulted in better plant growth traits and the highest total pre-basic seed number and weight. Regarding density treatments, the low-density treatment B3 (10 cm×5 cm) exhibited the best plant growth traits and the highest percentage of effective seeds. As planting density increased, the total number of pre-basic seed increased, while the number of effective seed, the effective seed rate, and economic benefits decreased. A comprehensive evaluation using the membership function method identified the combinations A2B3 (vermiculite∶peat = 2∶1, density 10 cm×5 cm), A1B3 (coconut coir∶peat = 2∶1, density 10 cm × 5 cm), and A1B2 (coconut coir∶peat = 2∶1, density 8 cm×5 cm) as viable options for pre-basic seed propagation of the Zangnongshu No.1 variety.

Based on remote sensing data of land use and socio-economic data in Shanxi Province from 2000 to 2020, the IPCC carbon emission accounting method was employed to analyze the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of territorial spatial carbon emissions and land use in Shanxi Province. Three scenarios—the baseline scenario, a low-carbon scenario, and an enhanced low-carbon scenario were constructed by integrating the PLUS model and the Kaya identity. The evolution trends of territorial spatial land use and carbon emissions from 2020 to 2060 were simulated, and the achievement of the "dual carbon"(carbon peaking and carbon neutrality)goals under different scenarios was evaluated. The results indicated that the total territorial spatial carbon emissions in Shanxi Province continued to rise from 2000 to 2020, with construction land identified as the main carbon emission source and cultivated land and forest land as the main carbon sinks. The multi-scenario simulation results showed that under the baseline scenario, the carbon peak was delayed until 2040 and carbon neutrality could not be achieved; under both the low-carbon and the enhanced low-carbon scenarios, the peak would be reached by 2030, but only the enhanced low-carbon scenario could achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. The change in territorial spatial pattern was found to lead to significant carbon emission effects, and the key factor driving carbon emission growth was the disordered expansion of construction land. Based on the territorial spatial pattern and the level of achievement of the "dual carbon" goals under each scenario, targeted and differentiated territorial spatial control strategies were proposed.

To assess soil erosion conditions in the Heihe River Basin and their potential impact on the security of water sources, GIS techniques combined with the RUSLE model were used to quantitatively estimate the soil erosion modulus. The spatial patterns and primary influencing factors in the region were analyzed. Results indicated that soil erosion in the basin was predominantly slight or light, accounting for 91.44% of the total area; moderate erosion zones occupied 7.58%; and severe and extremely severe erosion areas were minimal, accounting for only 0.98% of the total area, and showed a spatial distribution trend of higher in the south and lower in the north. High-intensity erosion areas were sparsely distributed on mountain tops in the southwest and on sloping farmland in valleys. The analysis of influencing factors revealed that terrain slope, vegetation coverage, and human activities were the key factors determining the spatial variation of soil erosion in this region.

Taking two native plants Epipremnum aureum and Scirpus validus in Ankang City, Shaanxi Province as the research objects, three initial ammonia nitrogen concentrations of 0.33 (control), 2.00 and 6.30 mg/L were set up. Through 22 days of hydroponic experiments, the removal effect of ammonia nitrogen in water under low temperature conditions in winter was explored. The results showed that the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen by Scirpus validus was 84.50%-93.65%, which was significantly better than that of Epipremnum aureum (which released ammonia nitrogen due to root rot). The pH of the water treated with Scirpus validus was stable, and the fluctuation of dissolved oxygen was small. Additionally, the chlorophyll content (characterized by leaf SPAD value) and nitrogen accumulation in the leaves of Scirpus validus were higher than those of Epipremnum aureum. The adaptability of Epipremnum aureum was poor at low temperature in winter, with root rot increasing the risk of secondary pollution. Therefore, it was recommended to preferentially select Scirpus validus as a restoration plant for eutrophic water bodies in winter.

In order to explore the effects of the diversity and composition of small molecule organic compounds on soil net nitrogen mineralization, 52 simulated root exudate combinations were constructed using 9 main small molecule organic compounds in rice root exudates and added to paddy soil. Through a 15-day incubation experiment, it was found that the diversity and composition of organic compounds significantly affected the soil net nitrogen mineralization rate. In the optimal simplest linear model, the importance of glycine, acetic acid and compound diversity on net nitrogen mineralization ranked the top three. The effects of single carbon source components on net nitrogen mineralization in simulated secretions showed that acetic acid, malic acid, and pyruvate significantly inhibited net nitrogen mineralization, while glycine, aspartic acid, serine and alanine significantly promoted net nitrogen mineralization. This suggested that plants could regulate soil nitrogen cycling by secreting small molecular organic compounds.

To investigate the effects of biochar and organic fertilizer application on the improvement of aeolian sandy soil, a study was conducted using maize (Zea mays L.) as the test crop, with pear branch-derived biochar and chicken manure organic fertilizer as amendments. Nine treatments were established: CK (control, without biochar and organic fertilizer), biochar application (1, 4, 20 t/hm²), organic fertilizer application (1, 4, 20 t/hm²), and combined applications (4 t/hm² biochar + 4 t/hm² organic fertilizer, 4 t/hm² biochar + 8 t/hm² organic fertilizer). The contents of organic carbon, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available phosphorus in rhizosphere soil, and the variation characteristics of plant height, stem diameter, and root length at different growth stages (seedling, jointing, filling, heading, and maturity stages) were analyzed. The results showed that the application of biochar (20 t/hm²) and organic fertilizer (20 t/hm²) significantly increased rhizosphere soil organic carbon content at the seedling and heading stages, with increases of 28.79% and 36.21%, respectively. The application of biochar and organic fertilizer promoted plant height, stem diameter, root length, and cell differentiation in the root tip maturation zone across all growth stages. The radial diameter of root tips, and the number and diameter of xylem vessels in the maturation zone were significantly enhanced. The results of correlation analysis showed that biochar application rate was significantly positively correlated with rhizosphere soil organic carbon and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (P<0.05). The application amount of organic fertilizer was significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus content and corn stem diameter (P<0.05).

Using sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) as the test materials, four treatments were set up: CK (conventional application of chemical fertilizer), T1 (conventional application of chemical fertilizer + microbial agent + humic acid water-soluble fertilizer + organic fertilizer), T2 (10% reduction of the conventional application of chemical fertilizer + microbial agent + humic acid water-soluble fertilizer + organic fertilizer), T3 (20% reduction of the conventional application of chemical fertilizer + microbial agent + humic acid water-soluble fertilizer + organic fertilizer). The effects of different fertilization treatments on the agronomic traits, economic output, partial productivity, and key quality indicators of sweet potatoes were investigated to identify the optimal fertilization strategy. The results showed that compared with CK, the yields and output values of sweet potatoes in T1, T2 and T3 increased, but only T3 showed an increase in net income, which was 12 875.4 yuan/hm² higher than CK. The partial productivity of inorganic chemical fertilizer in T1, T2, and T3 increased by 2.56%, 18.41%, and 52.26%, respectively, compared with CK, while the partial productivity of total fertilizer decreased, with the smallest difference observed between T3 and CK. The crude fiber content in tubers of T1, T2, and T3 was extremely significantly higher than that of CK（P<0.01）, increasing by 33.33%-36.67%. The starch content in T3 was extremely significantly higher than that in the other treatments（P<0.01）, increasing by 8.40%-12.66%, while the soluble protein and soluble sugar contents were lower than those in CK. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of all indicators, the optimal fertilization strategy was the 20% reduction in conventional chemical fertilizer combined with microbial inoculant, humic acid water-soluble fertilizer, and organic fertilizer.

In order to explore the optimal nitrogen application rate for cigar tobacco cultivation in Shandong tobacco-growing regions, using the cigar variety QX103 as experimental material, and different nitrogen application levels (0, 75, 120, 165, 210 kg/hm²) were established to analyze their effects on the agronomic traits, nutrient accumulation, photosynthetic characteristics, appearance quality, physical properties, chemical composition, and economic performance of cigar tobacco. The results showed that with increasing nitrogen application, leaf width and leaf area initially increased and then decreased. Conversely, leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, and tissue compactness exhibited an increasing trend. Photosynthetic capacity, as well as the score of maturity, oil content, body, and color uniformity of wrapper leaves, initially increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen application, and the optimal performance was observed at the nitrogen application rate of 120 kg/hm². Under this fertilization level, the physical characteristics and chemical composition of the wrapper leaves were well-balanced and met the quality standards for premium wrappers. Furthermore, the total yield, wrapper yield, wrapper output rate, and output value all reached their maximum levels at this application rate. It could be concluded that an appropriate increase in nitrogen application could promote the growth, development, and photosynthetic efficiency of cigar tobacco, enhance the appearance quality, improve the physical properties of wrapper leaves, and optimize their chemical composition. Taking into comprehensive consideration both the yield and quality of wrapper leaves, the recommended nitrogen application rate for cigar tobacco cultivation in Shandong tobacco-growing regions was 120 kg/hm².

The efficacy of combining the biocontrol agent Bacillus velezensis EA19 with the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide pydiflumetofen (Pyd) against Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat was evaluated through an integration of bioinformatics analysis, in vitro bioassays, and field efficacy trials. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that strain EA19 possessed two SDH components (flavoprotein FP and iron-sulfur protein IP), which were phylogenetically distant from their homologs in Fusarium spp., and lacked the cytochrome b (Cytb) protein target for Pyd. In vitro compatibility tests showed that Pyd concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 12.5 μg/mL had no significant inhibitory effect on EA19 growth. The EC₅₀ of EA19 fermentation broth powder and Pyd against Fusarium graminearum PH-1 were 19.65 g/L and 0.12 μg/mL, respectively. At their respective EC₅₀ doses, co-application of the two agents at solution volume ratios of 6︰4 and 3︰7 (EA19︰Pyd) yielded the strongest synergistic inhibition of PH-1 mycelial growth, with toxicity ratios of 1.48 for both combinations, indicating significant synergism. Field trials demonstrated that combining a 60% or 30% reduced dose of Pyd suspension concentrate (SC) with EA19 wettable powder (WP) at the aforementioned ratios achieved control efficacy statistically equivalent to the full dose of Pyd SC alone. However, the efficacy in reducing deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin content was significantly lower than that of the full Pyd SC treatment. Both combination treatments resulted in wheat grain yield and thousand-kernel weight comparable to the full Pyd SC treatment. Notably, the treatment combining a 30% reduced Pyd SC dose with EA19 WP showed a tendency to increase thousand-kernel weight.

Field trials were conducted using a plant protection UAV for spraying 400 g/L tebuconazole · prochloraz emulsion in water（EW）, to investigate the effects of different spray volumes and adjuvant addition on droplet deposition, droplet density, pesticide utilization rate, and control efficacy against rice blast in rice canopies. Results showed that, under the recommended dosage of 525 mL/hm², the droplet deposition, density, pesticide utilization rate, and control efficacy were generally better with spray volumes of 22.5 L/hm² and 30 L/hm² compared to 15 L/hm². Adjuvant addition significantly improved all measured parameters. Particularly under the condition of 22.5 L/hm² spray volume combined with adjuvant (added at 337.5 mL/hm²), droplet deposition performance and pesticide utilization were favorable, with the highest pesticide utilization rate reaching 52.39%, and control efficacy against rice blast remaining above 81% after two applications, showing no significant difference from the 30 L/hm² treatment. For practical application, the spray volume of 22.5 L/hm² with the corresponding proportion of adjuvant was recommended, which could ensure control efficacy while enhancing application efficiency and comprehensive benefits.

Taking the fresh callus tissue of Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch as materials, the influences of dissociation buffers, fluorescent nucleic acid stains, filtering times, and centrifugation protocols on ploidy detection were compared. The results showed that, MG^b lysis buffer yielded significantly higher counts of A. konjac nucleus compared to MgSO₄ and Tris-MgCl₂ buffers, with a prominent peak and minimal fragment peaks observed. The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated at 4.47%. Fluorescent staining with DAPI demonstrated comparable efficacy to PI, with the added advantage of reducing background fluorescence noise without RNAase treatment, thereby conserving analysis time. Both the primary filtration and the secondary filtration methods could effectively remove adhered cells and cell debris. The secondary filtration method collected more cell nuclei and had a better effect. Optimal nuclear suspension preparation involved direct light avoidance and in situ staining post-filtration. The proposed flow cytometric protocol for A. konjac ploidy analysis involved: homogenizing 0.25 g of fresh callus tissue in 1 mL MG^b lysis buffer, filtering, staining with 50 μL DAPI in darkness for 30 minutes, followed by immediate analysis.

The effects of foliar spraying different concentrations of mannitol on chlorophyll content of peach leaves and fruit quality were analyzed to screen the optimal spraying concentration and provide a reference for improving peach fruit quality in production. Three peach varieties, including Chunmi, Century Star and Pengxian 15, were used as experimental materials and treated with 0 (CK), 5 g/L (T1), 10 g/L (T2), 20 g/L (T3), and 40 g/L (T4) mannitol foliar spraying. Chlorophyll content of peach leaves and fruit quality-related indicators were measured, and a comprehensive evaluation of each physiological index was conducted. The results showed that the soluble solids, soluble sugar and fructose content of Chunmi under T1 treatment were significantly increased by 18.38%, 16.67% and 17.56%, respectively, compared with CK; the fructose content, glucose content, sucrose content, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and single fruit weight of Century Star under T4 treatment were significantly increased by 14.03%, 14.28%, 13.01%, 2.86%, 4.58% and 6.53%, respectively, compared with CK; the fructose, glucose and sucrose content of Pengxian 15 under T4 treatment were significantly increased by 66.47%, 62.09% and 17.81%, respectively, compared with CK. Comprehensive analysis showed that the optimal mannitol concentrations for improving fruit quality of Chunmi, Century Star and Pengxian 15 were 5, 40 and 40 g/L, respectively.

To construct a prediction model for the routine chemical components of tobacco leaves during threshing and redrying, a dual feature selection mechanism based on the Lasso algorithm was employed. The chemical composition of tobacco leaves before redrying and temperature parameters from various processing stages were used as input variables to elucidate the linkage mechanism of "raw material characteristics before redrying-process temperature parameters-quality after redrying" during the threshing and redrying process. The results showed that the prediction model for chloride ion content performed the best, followed by the model for potassium oxide, and then the model for nicotine. The models for total sugar, reducing sugar, and total nitrogen content performed relatively poorly. In the chloride ion prediction model, the regression coefficients for chloride ion content before redrying, primary moistening hot air temperature, and drying zone 2 temperature were 0.34, 0.01, and -0.01, respectively. For the potassium oxide content prediction model, the regression coefficients for potassium oxide content before redrying and tempering zone 1 temperature were 0.42 and -0.14, respectively. In the nicotine content prediction model, the regression coefficients for primary moistening hot air temperature and nicotine content before redrying were 0.32 and 0.26, respectively. For the total nitrogen content prediction model, the regression coefficients for total sugar content before redrying, drying zone 2 temperature, drying zone 3 temperature, and tempering zone 1 temperature were -0.12, 0.08, -0.05, and 0.03, respectively. In the reducing sugar content prediction model, the regression coefficients for total sugar content before redrying, chloride ion content before redrying, and drying zone 3 temperature were 1.95, -0.90, and 0.60, respectively. For the total sugar content prediction model, the regression coefficients for total sugar content before redrying, chloride ion content before redrying, and drying zone 3 temperature were 2.20, -1.00, and 0.25, respectively. In conclusion, the prediction models for chloride ion, potassium oxide, and nicotine content after threshing and redrying demonstrated superior performance, whereas the models for total nitrogen, total sugar, and reducing sugar content were less effective. The temperature in the drying zones significantly influenced the routine chemical components of tobacco leaves after redrying.

To explore the genetic diversity of the Camellia nitidissima var. phaeopubisperma germplasm resources, a total of 111 samples of Camellia nitidissima var. phaeopubisperma from the same habitat with diverse phenotypic traits were analyzed using SSR molecular markers. The results showed that the 32 pairs of primers detected a total of 224 alleles (Na) across the 111 samples, with an average of approximately 7 alleles per locus. The total number of effective alleles (Ne) was 95.22, and the average effective allele number was 2.976. The average values of observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and the Shannon index (I) were 0.475, 0.562, and 1.194, respectively. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.528. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 9% of the total genetic variation originated among populations, while 91% originated within populations (20% among individuals and 71% within individuals). The clustering results obtained from the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and STRUCTURE analysis were largely consistent. All three methods classified the 111 samples into two genetic groups, and their phenotypic characteristics aligned with previous findings. This further confirmed that the diversity in leaf phenotypic traits of Fangcheng Camellia nitidissima was closely associated with its genetic background.

To screen high-efficiency root dressing agent formulations and investigate their effects on the growth, quality, and soil physicochemical properties of Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl., two-year-old seedlings of Polygonatum kingianum were used as experimental materials. Nine fungicides were combined into four root dressing treatments (A1 to A4) and a control (CK). The results showed that, compared with CK, the root dressing treatments significantly improved the emergence rate, seedling survival rate, and disease resistance of Polygonatum kingianum. Among them, treatment A1 (80% tetramycin + 5% thiram + 15% captan) performed the best, with emergence and seedling survival rates of 95.75% and 95.25%, respectively. The incidence of root rot in August and September (1.25%, 4.75%) was significantly lower than that of CK (34.00%, 49.25%). Plant height (114.58 cm) and yield (4 675 kg/hm²) increased by 15.57% and 168%, respectively, compared to CK. The contents of polysaccharides, total flavonoids, and total saponins increased by 16.30%, 32.46%, and 15.11%, respectively, compared to CK. Additionally, the root dressing agent increased soil pH and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen content but led to a decrease in soil organic matter content.

Galla chinensis samples collected from Enshi Prefecture at altitudes of 1 020 m (L-GC) and 1 680 m (H-GC) were utilized. The gallic acid content was determined by HPLC, and the antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities of the two extracts were systematically compared. The results showed that the gallic acid content of H-GC (492.8 mg/g) was significantly higher than that of L-GC (203.9 mg/g). In terms of antioxidant activity, the H-GC extract (H-MEGC) exhibited a DPPH scavenging IC₅₀ value of 5.64 μg/mL, which was significantly better than that of the L-GC extract (L-MEGC, IC₅₀=19.96 μg/mL). Both extracts significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells, with IC₅₀ values of 25.72 μg/mL (L-MEGC) and 27.43 μg/mL (H-MEGC), and there was no significant difference between the two groups. In antibacterial assays, H-MEGC at 100 mg/mL showed stronger inhibition against some tested strains (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Acinetobacter baumannii) compared to L-MEGC. With increasing altitude, the gallic acid content, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activity of Enshi Prefecture Galla chinensis against certain strains were enhanced, while its inhibitory effect on A549 cells was not significantly affected.

Metabolomics was used to analyze the changes in metabolites （X51, X55） and key metabolic pathways in fennel before and after fermentation with Cordyceps spp. strains 51 and 55. The results showed that fermentation altered the metabolic profile of fennel compared to the control group (XK). The patterns of differential metabolite changes were similar between XK vs X51 and XK vs X55 comparisons, with 310 and 297 upregulated metabolites, respectively, primarily amino acids and their derivatives, and 423 and 400 downregulated metabolites, respectively, primarily phenolic acids. In both the XK vs X51 and XK vs X55 comparisons, the main upregulated metabolites included L-ornithine and cyclo(L-leucine-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline), among others. The upregulation of these metabolites might be closely related to the pharmacologically active components of fennel. The differential metabolites from XK vs X51 and XK vs X55 comparisons were mainly enriched in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of cofactors, and biosynthesis of amino acids. The annotation proportion of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites pathways all exceeded 39%, indicating that this pathway might play a core regulatory role during the fermentation process.

To explore the sexual dimorphism patterns and food resource utilization characteristics of Perccottus glenii, a total of 68 Perccottus glenii specimens (32 females and 36 males) were collected by gillnet fishing in the Bohai Town section of the Mudanjiang River Basin from September to November 2023. After measuring 26 morphological traits, multivariate statistical analysis methods were applied to detect the morphological sexual dimorphism characteristics, and DNA metabarcoding technology was used to reveal its food composition. The results showed that there was no significant difference in body size between male and female Perccottus glenii, but significant sexual dimorphism was observed in partial morphological traits. Among them, the ratios of head height to head length, distance from dorsal fin to caudal fin to body length, pectoral fin length to body length, first dorsal fin base length to body length, first dorsal fin height to body length, second dorsal fin base length to body length, second dorsal fin height to body length, and anal fin height to body length of males were significantly higher than those of females, while the ratio of pelvic fin length to body length of males was significantly lower than that of females. It was inferred that the former was related to sexual selection, and the latter was associated with fecundity selection. The feeding habit results indicated that Perccottus glenii was an omnivorous fish with a preference for carnivory, and its main food source was macroinvertebrates such as arthropods.

Avibacterium paragallinarum causes infectious coryza, which leads to decreased egg production in layers and growth retardation in broilers, resulting in significant economic losses to the poultry industry. With the emergence of multidrug resistance and the implementation of antibiotic-restriction policies, there is an urgent need to develop green and effective antibiotic alternatives. Forsythia suspensa（F. suspensa）possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-infective properties. The content of forsythin in the aqueous extract of F. suspensa was determined using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antibacterial effects of the extract against Apg were evaluated, including its impact on bacterial growth, biofilm formation, adhesion and invasion capabilities, thereby preliminarily elucidating its antibacterial mechanism. The results showed that the forsythin content in the aqueous extract was （1.67±0.03）%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract against Apg were both 7.81 mg/mL. The extract significantly inhibited bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and adhesion-invasion capabilities in a dose-dependent manner. These findings demonstrated that the aqueous extract of F. suspensa exhibited potent inhibitory effects against Apg in vitro, providing a potential strategy for developing eco-friendly agents to control Apg infections.

In order to investigate the differences in physicochemical indexes and antioxidant activity of different varieties of dry red wine in Yantai producing area, four different varieties of dry red wine produced in Yantai, including Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischt, Syrah and Cabernet Franc, were selected as the research objects,and the antioxidant activity of different dry red wines was studied by using the ABTS free radical scavenging ability, DPPH free radical scavenging ability, and potassium ferricyanide reduction capacity as the indexes of antioxidant activity in vitro. Multiple physicochemical parameters including total phenols, pH, titratable acidity, and total sugar were also measured, and their correlation was analyzed. The results showed that the content of total phenol was negatively correlated with pH (P<0.01), and positively correlated with DPPH free radical scavenging rate and fructose content (P<0.05). pH exhibited a significant negative correlation with both DPPH scavenging rate and fructose content (P<0.05). Titratable acidity showed a significant positive correlation with density (P<0.05),but a significant negative correlation with ethanol content (P<0.05). Malic acid demonstrated significant positive correlations with glycerol and gluconic acid (P<0.05). Total sugar showed a significant positive correlation with fructose (P<0.05) and a significant negative correlation with flavonoid content (P<0.05), while fructose also exhibited a significant negative correlation with flavonoid content (P<0.05). Among various antioxidant parameters, the ABTS free radical scavenging capacity and potassium ferricyanide reducing power showed no significant correlation with physicochemical indicators (P>0.05), nor did they exhibit significant correlations among themselves (P>0.05). The results indicated that total polyphenol content directly correlated with red wine’s antioxidant capacity in this study, while the pH and fructose content indirectly influenced wine’s antioxidant capacity through their effects on total polyphenol content.

In order to investigate the influence of the processing process on the quality of Carya cathayensis Sarg. products, taking acid value, peroxide value and sensory score as evaluation indexes, the single-factor tests on key factors such as raw material origin, raw material moisture content, killing temperature, killing time, maceration time, material-liquid ratio, re-drying temperature and re-drying time were conducted, and the orthogonal test to optimize the processing parameters of Carya cathayensis Sarg. was further designed. The results showed that the best raw material for Carya cathayensis Sarg. was Lin’an hickory, and its moisture content should be controlled at 8%, and the best processing parameters were as follows: killing temperature of 150 ℃, killing time of 30 min, maceration time of 3 min, material-liquid ratio of 1∶3 (g∶mL), re-drying temperature of 150 ℃ and re-drying time of 80 min. It was proved that the sensory quality of Carya cathayensis Sarg. products under this process condition were better, the colour was even and glossy, the meat kernel was golden yellow, the baking aroma was strong, the taste was crunchy, the hardness was moderate, and the acid value and peroxide value were lower, which could effectively maintain the quality of Carya cathayensis Sarg. products and enhance the competitiveness of the products in the market.

To enhance the performance of the YOLOv11 model in intelligent grading tasks for tobacco leaf object detection and to address the issues of accuracy and timeliness in tobacco leaf object detection within resource-constrained environments, a lightweight YOLOv11-CoordAttention tobacco leaf object detection model was proposed. The effectiveness of various components was evaluated by comparing the impact of different backbone networks, convolutional modules, and attention mechanisms on model accuracy and speed.Ablation experiments were set up on this basis to investigate the practical effects of optimized combinations, thereby comprehensively revealing the model’s performance in practical applications. The results indicated that the YOLOv11-Coord Attention model demonstrated superior comprehensive performance in the tobacco leaf object detection task, achieving a precision of 100%, recall of 99.4%, F1-score of 99.7%, mAP50 of 99.5%, with a model size of 5.2 MB, 2.3×10⁶ parameters, 6.3×10⁹ FLOPs, and a frame rate of 198.2 f/s. Compared to the YOLOv11 model, the YOLOv11-CoordAttention model improved precision by 1.2 percentage points and mean average precision by 0.1 percentage points. The training process of the YOLOv11-CoordAttention model was stable, effective, and exhibited outstanding performance. The losses for both the training and validation sets steadily decreased and converged as the training epochs increased, indicating a sufficient learning process without overfitting. In terms of performance metrics, the model maintained high precision and recall, achieving high accuracy and low missed detection rates. Its mAP50 and mAP50-95 metrics were both excellent, indicating powerful detection capability and high robustness. The YOLOv11-CoordAttention model combined the advantages of being lightweight, efficient, and accurate. It could run stably on resource-constrained devices and was competent for tobacco leaf detection tasks in complex scenarios.

To address the time-consuming and labor-intensive nature of traditional canopy boundary annotation, and the issue of decreased detection accuracy in existing deep learning models due to the loss of spatial details from downsampling in complex forest environments, a single-tree positioning method that integrated a multi-scale spatial attention mechanism convolutional network (MSSCN) and Gaussian kernel function soft labeling was proposed. Using high-resolution aerial remote sensing images from three altitude gradients (2 000 m, 2 200 m, and 2 400 m) in the Shennongjia Forestry District as the data source, only the canopy center points of Dendroctonus armandi were annotated. A two-dimensional Gaussian kernel function was employed to generate confidence maps for labeling and creating the training dataset, thereby transforming the regional segmentation task into a single-tree positioning problem. By adjusting the position of the multi-scale feature convolution module, MSSCN1, MSSCN2, and MSSCN3 models were constructed and compared with the U-Net, FCN, and DeepLabV3+ models. The results showed that the Gaussian kernel function soft labeling method reduced manual annotation costs while supporting the precise localization of infested trees. The MSSCN3 model achieved optimal performance after 100 training epochs, with average precision, recall, and F1-score values of 91.97%, 93.68%, and 0.93 in the test area, respectively, outperforming the other comparative models. The MSSCN3 model generally demonstrated superior detection performance in high-altitude areas of the Shennongjia Forestry District, and its detection accuracy was generally higher in high-outbreak-density areas than in low-outbreak-density areas. However, a slight decrease in model accuracy was observed in the high-outbreak-density area at 2 400 m altitude, indicating that topographic and ecological factors might have interactive effects on detection stability.The MSSCN3 model could accurately identify Pinus armandii infested trees in the Shennongjia Forestry District, providing an efficient and robust technical pathway for pest control.

To address the prevalent issues of water resource wastage and extensive management in the irrigation of solar greenhouses in Shandong, a low-cost intelligent irrigation system for small-scale farmers was designed. The system used an STM32 microcontroller as its core controller and established a four-layer cooperative architecture encompassing perception, transmission, edge, and cloud layers. By integrating multi-source environmental sensing, edge computing, and cloud platform big data analytics, it achieved intelligent irrigation decision-making and precise integrated regulation of water and fertilizer based on crop growth models and real-time environmental status. Field trial results showed that the monitoring accuracies of the intelligent irrigation system for air temperature, relative humidity, soil temperature, and soil moisture were ±0.5 ℃, ±3%, ±0.5 ℃, and ±3%, respectively. Compared with traditional manual irrigation, the system reduced water usage by 32.4%, fertilizer application by 31.6%, labor cost by 81.5%, and electricity consumption by 6.5%. In terms of increasing yield and improving quality, tomato yield increased by 15.4%, while fruit sugar content and vitamin C content increased by 15.3% and 13.6%, respectively, and the rate of malformed fruit decreased by 50.0%. The intelligent irrigation system operated stably, was easy to deploy, and demonstrated good economic benefits and promotion value.

To reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the early growth responses of Guiminyinxiang(Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Gui Min Yin) to growth regulator application, TMT-based quantitative proteomic technology was employed to systematically analyze differentially expressed proteins in the shoot apical meristem at 48 hours after treatment with exogenous gibberellin (GA₃) and paclobutrazol (PP333). The results showed that 38 differentially expressed proteins (31 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated) were identified in the gibberellin treatment group, while 156 differentially expressed proteins (121 up-regulated and 35 down-regulated) were identified in the paclobutrazol treatment group. GO enrichment analysis indicated that gibberellin-responsive proteins were primarily enriched in processes such as COP9 signalosome assembly and positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity, whereas paclobutrazol-responsive proteins were mainly enriched in processes like hydrogen peroxide catabolic process and response to oxidative stress. COG classification revealed that gibberellin mainly affected amino acid transport and metabolism, while paclobutrazol primarily influenced posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones. KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that gibberellin activated pathways such as taurine and hypotaurine metabolism and steroid biosynthesis, with an up-regulation of γ-glutamyltransferase. Paclobutrazol treatment significantly enriched pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and sphingolipid metabolism. The up-regulation of peroxidase and down-regulation of coniferyl-aldehyde dehydrogenase jointly promoted lignin accumulation, leading to plant dwarfing. In conclusion, the early response of Guiminyinxiang to exogenous growth regulators relied on a cross-regulatory network involving multiple genes and pathways. Gibberellin promoted growth by coordinating the ubiquitin-proteasome system with energy and membrane anabolism, whereas paclobutrazol inhibited plant growth by enhancing cell wall lignification and antioxidant defense.

To clarify the photosynthetic characteristics and chromosomal features of Arundo donax, a systematic identification of the photosynthetic pattern and karyotype of different Arundo donax germplasm materials was conducted. The photosynthetic type was comprehensively determined through leaf anatomical structure observation (scanning electron microscopy), C₄ photosynthetic enzyme activity assay, and carbon isotope ratio (^δ13C) analysis, and the chromosome number and structural characteristics were cytogenetically identified using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The results showed that Arundo donax possessed a Kranz anatomy, exhibiting typical structural characteristics of a C₄ plant. Both Lyuzhou 1 and Ninglu 1 showed clear 5S rDNA hybridization signals on four chromosomes, indicating a high conservation in the number of rDNA loci between the two materials. It was speculated that both Lyuzhou 1 and Ninglu 1 might be tetraploids or aneuploids close to nonaploids.

Wheat lodging was a major factor limiting its high and stable yield, which severely affected grain yield, quality, and mechanized harvesting efficiency. With the development of molecular marker technology, researchers had systematically identified multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to lodging resistance across the whole wheat genome, and co-localized 753 resistance loci, which were widely distributed on 21 chromosomes. The distribution of QTL on chromosomes 2B, 4B, and 4D was particularly dense, forming hotspots for the genetic regulation of lodging resistance. The dwarfing genes Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 were confirmed to be key genes regulating plant height and enhancing lodging resistance. The application of techniques such as genome-wide association study (GWAS) and gene editing had further promoted the mining and functional verification of genes related to lodging resistance (e.g., TaD11-2A, TaARF12, TaPRR1, and TaDEP1). Despite significant progress, most QTL were still in the stage of rough mapping, and the validation of major QTL and their application in breeding still faced challenges. In the future, it is necessary to advance the fine mapping of QTL, the cloning and functional analysis of key genes, and to develop molecular marker-assisted selection and multi-gene pyramiding breeding strategies to support the genetic improvement of the lodging resistance trait in wheat and the breeding of new cultivars.

Based on the provincial panel data of China from 2013 to 2022, the fixed-effect model and the mediating effect model were adopted to examine the impact and mechanism of digital rural construction on food security. The results showed that digital rural construction had a negative impact on food security as a whole, but the effects varied significantly in different regions. The construction of digital villages had significantly enhanced the level of food security in the western regions. However, it had a distinct inhibitory effect in the central regions, major grain-producing areas, and regions with lower human capital. In contrast, in the eastern regions, non-major grain-producing areas, and regions with higher human capital, its effect was relatively insignificant. While the construction of digital villages brought about the empowerment of digital technology, it also accelerated the flow of elements related to food. The two mechanisms of action interweaved with each other, presenting different impact results. Therefore, relevant measures and policies needed to be taken to reduce the outflow of grain factors, give full play to the positive role of digital village construction in promoting the empowerment of digital technology and the scale of land factors, and ensure food security.

The DEA model was used to measure the trade efficiency of China’s crop seeds from 2011 to 2021, and the seed industry security level was evaluated by the efficiency value. The results showed that China’s crop seed industry was generally in an insecure state with a tendency of further deterioration. The main reasons were as follows: the import volume of China’s crop seeds had increased year by year, leading to a high degree of external dependence on seeds; meanwhile, there existed problems such as high concentration of import markets and weak trade competitiveness. Accordingly, some policy measures including promoting the merger and reorganization of seed enterprises, constructing a diversified seed import pattern, and enhancing the technological innovation capability of the seed industry were proposed, so as to safeguard the security of China’s crop seed industry.

The deep integration of digital economy and foreign trade of agricultural products has become an important force to promote high-quality economic development. Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2014 to 2023, a two-way fixed effect model was constructed to empirically analyze the impact of digital economy on the high-quality development of agricultural product foreign trade. The results showed that digital economy was significantly positively correlated with the high-quality development of agricultural product foreign trade; there was regional heterogeneity in the impact of digital economy on the high-quality development of foreign trade of agricultural products. In the end, some policy suggestions of promoting the quality and brand construction, enhancing the competitiveness of agricultural products in the international market, strengthening digital infrastructure, and implementing regional differentiated digital economy development policies were put forward.

Based on survey data from rice farmers in Shandong Province in 2023, the translog stochastic frontier model and Tobit model were used to empirically examine the impact pathways of AI-empowered agricultural machinery socialized services on rice production technical efficiency. The results showed that smart agricultural machinery services significantly improved rice production technical efficiency by 11.2% through artificial intelligence technologies. AI enhanced efficiency through three main pathways: intelligent decision support, dynamic factor optimization, and full-process collaborative division. Heterogeneity analysis revealed that AI delivered the highest efficiency gains in land preparation and harvesting, with small-scale farmers benefiting most significantly from AI service outsourcing. It was recommended to promote an AI-enabled agricultural machinery socialization service system and build a "cloud platform + intelligent equipment + data services" smart agriculture ecosystem.

Using the dynamic feedback loop analysis method of system dynamics, the key dynamic elements and their causal feedback relationships within the three subsystems of the integrated development system of the agricultural industry chain and the technological innovation chain were analyzed, and the mechanism behind the integrated development of the agricultural industry chain and the technological innovation chain was clarified. On this basis, a system dynamics model was established and real data were input for policy simulation. Under the existing scenario without altering any parameters, shortcomings in the integrated development of China′s agricultural industry chain and technological innovation chain were identified. Further policy simulations revealed that the key to promoting integrated development lay in strengthening the technological innovation capabilities of leading agricultural enterprises and innovation entities in academia and research, improving the success rate of collaborative innovation and the transformation rate of technological achievements, optimizing the allocation structure of government financial investment in science and technology, building a sound environment for integrated development of the two chains, and systematically advancing the deep integration of the two chains. Policy recommendations were proposed to achieve new breakthroughs in the integration of the two chains.

Taking China’s 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) as research objects, the fixed-effects model and mediation effect model were constructed to empirically test the impact of digital new quality productivity and high-quality agricultural development on agricultural total factor carbon productivity from 2012 to 2021. The results showed that the agricultural total factor carbon productivity had a steady growth trend from 2012 to 2021, and the agricultural total factor carbon productivity in central China was higher. The digital new quality productivity had a significant promoting effect on the agricultural total factor carbon productivity. Digital new quality productivity significantly positively impacted agricultural total factor carbon productivity by empowering high-quality agricultural development. Furthermore, heterogeneity analysis revealed that the digital new quality productivity had a more significant promoting effect on agricultural total factor carbon productivity in low digitalization level regions and central regions. It was suggested to establish a regional heterogeneous digital technology promotion system, strengthen the technological innovation driven by high-quality development of agriculture, and improve the dynamic monitoring mechanism of agricultural carbon productivity.