Table of Content

25 March 2026, Volume 65 Issue 3

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Breeding & Cultivation

Identification of waterlogging tolerance at seedling stage and screening of elite germplasm resources from 1 040 maize landraces

TENG Feng, YU Si-jia, ZHANG Shi-long, HE Zheng-hua, SUN Xiao-peng, JIA Hai-tao

2026, 65(3):  1-5.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.001

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To excavate key germplasm resources for waterlogging tolerance breeding in maize (Zea mays L.), 1 040 maize landraces collected from the third national census of crop germplasm resources were used as materials, and their waterlogging tolerance was systematically evaluated by applying continuous waterlogging stress for four weeks at the five-leaf-and-one-heart seedling stage under field conditions. The results showed that the survival rate of germplasm was 42.8%, with a kurtosis of -1.28 and a skewness of -0.068, indicating an approximately symmetrical and platykurtic distribution of the data. Analysis of geographic origins showed that the survival rate of germplasm from the southwest region was 53.9%, which was significantly higher than that from the Huang-Huai-Hai region (32.4%), and the difference in waterlogging tolerance between the two regions reached an extremely significant level (P=7.87×10^-36<0.01). Based on survival rates, the tested varieties were classified into five waterlogging tolerance grades. 110 accessions (accounting for 10.6%) with a survival rate >80% were defined as grade 1(extremely strong waterlogging tolerance), among which two germplasm accessions (Batangbai and Yangyumi from the Huang-Huai-Hai region) showed a 100% survival rate after four weeks of waterlogging stress, and 25 accessions had a survival rate ≥90%. These materials with extremely strong waterlogging tolerance represented core resources for mining waterlogging tolerance genes and improving cultivar waterlogging tolerance, providing a material foundation for the genetic improvement of waterlogging tolerance in maize, thereby enhancing the climate resilience of production systems and ensuring food security.

Optimization and screening of wheat resources based on comprehensive evaluation of multiple characters

ZHANG Jia-cheng, ZHOU Ji-ming, WANG Wen-jiang, LIN Xiang

2026, 65(3):  6-11.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.002

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In order to screen wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） genotypes with high yield, wide adaptability, and coordinated agronomic traits, 33 advanced wheat lines were used as materials, and seven traits including plant height, flag leaf area, spike number, grains per spike, 1 000-grain weight, internode length below the spike, and yield were measured. A systematic evaluation was conducted through variation analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis. The results showed that there was rich variation in traits within the population. The flag leaf area had the largest variation (with the coefficient of variation of 22.35%), while the plant height had the lowest variation (with the coefficient of variation of 6.17%). Spike number, 1 000-grain weight, and flag leaf area were positively correlated with yield, and multiple regression analysis showed that these three traits had significant (P<0.05) or extremely significant (P<0.01) positive effects on yield, indicating that yield improvement could be achieved by synergistically improving these traits. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components reached 72.69%, which represented yield composition, the balance of photosynthesis and plant type, and the balance of grain traits. The lines were divided into four categories by cluster analysis. Group Ⅰ(seven lines) was the high-yield type, and the average yield was 8 265.56 kg/hm², among which the lines J32 and J15 were prominent.

Response differences of yield, quality and nitrogen use efficiency of different spring wheat varieties to water-saving and nitrogen-controlled cultivation patterns

WANG Lin-cheng, XU Hai-sheng, YU Rui-lu

2026, 65(3):  12-19.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.003

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Four representative spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in Wuwei City, Gansu Province, were selected as experimental materials, and three water and nitrogen combination treatments were established, including conventional irrigation and conventional nitrogen application (irrigation amount of 180 mm, urea application rate of 240 kg/hm²), drip irrigation with water-saving and conventional nitrogen application (irrigation amount of 120 mm, urea application rate of 240 kg/hm²), and drip irrigation with water-saving and nitrogen-controlled application (irrigation amount of 120 mm, urea application rate of 168 kg/hm²). The response differences of yield, quality, population growth indicators, and nitrogen use efficiency of spring wheat to water-saving and nitrogen-controlled cultivation models were investigated. The results showed that water and nitrogen treatment, cultivar, and their interaction significantly affected spring wheat yield and quality (P<0.05). Compared with conventional irrigation, drip irrigation with water-saving significantly increased dry matter accumulation of spring wheat. Under the drip irrigation with water-saving and conventional nitrogen application treatment, the yield of Zhongmai 895 increased by 13.2%, representing the highest yield improvement among all cultivars. Controlled nitrogen fertilization significantly improved key quality indicators. There were significant differences in the response of varieties to water and nitrogen combinations. The strong-gluten cultivar Ningchun 50 achieved the best quality under drip irrigation with water-saving and controlled nitrogen treatment, while maintaining good yield stability. The medium-gluten cultivar Zhongmai 895 exhibited the best yield and quality coordination under the drip irrigation with water-saving and conventional nitrogen application treatment. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that leaf area index, leaf SPAD value, and dry matter accumulation were significantly positively correlated with yield and quality (P<0.05). It was recommended to precisely match cultivars with water nitrogen combinations based on cultivation objectives to promote water efficient and high productivity cultivation of spring wheat in arid regions.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on rice quality in the rice-crayfish co-culture system

TIAN Mao-tao, YU Zhen-yuan, LI Yang, ZHANG Zuo-lin, ZHANG Zhi-sheng, CHENG Jian-ping, WANG Ben-fu

2026, 65(3):  20-29.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.004

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To explore the optimal nitrogen reduction ratio in the rice-crayfish co-culture system, a field experiment was conducted using conventional indica rice Ezhong 6 and hybrid indica rice Longliangyou 534 as test varieties, and five nitrogen application treatments were set up, including conventional nitrogen application rate (N4, pure nitrogen 180.0 kg/hm²), 10% nitrogen reduction (N3, pure nitrogen 162.0 kg/hm²), 20% nitrogen reduction (N2, pure nitrogen 144.0 kg/hm²), 30% nitrogen reduction (N1, pure nitrogen 126.0 kg/hm²), and no nitrogen application (N0). The differences of rice quality between the rice-crayfish co-culture system and the rice monoculture system were investigated, and the changes of protein, amylose and their key enzyme activities were analyzed. The results showed that under the rice-crayfish co-culture system, as the nitrogen fertilizer reduction ratio increased, the brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head rice rate, chalky grain rate, chalkiness and the total protein content of both varieties decreased, while the amylose content, gel consistency and taste value increased. No significant differences in processing quality or protein content were observed between the N3 and N4 treatments, whereas the N3 treatment demonstrated superior appearance, cooking, and eating quality. Compared with the rice monoculture system, the rice-crayfish co-culture system generally produced higher-quality rice. It could be seen that the synergistic goal of “nitrogen reduction-quality improvement-efficiency” could be achieved when the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer reduction was 10% under the rice-crayfish co-culture system.

Development status, potential constraints and promotion pathways of the “one planting, two harvests” model of perennial rice in Hubei Province

ZHANG Feng, CAI Xin, SUN Yang, LI Zhong-zheng, CAO Peng

2026, 65(3):  30-32.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.005

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To promote the application of perennial rice with the “one planting, two harvests” model in Hubei Province, the current status and performance of perennial rice in terms of introduction trials, demonstration, and extension within the region were reviewed. Preliminary results indicated that the total yield of two harvests of perennial rice exceeded 12 000 kg/hm², approaching the yield levels of locally promoted double-cropping rice or the “single-cropping mid-season rice + ratooning rice” system. The key constraints hindering the adoption of this model in Hubei were analyzed, including limitations in varietal adaptability, immature key cultivation techniques, uncertainties in economic benefits and market acceptance, and deficiencies in policy and industrial support systems. In response, and taking into account Hubei’s diverse climate and ecological conditions, the promotion pathways of the “one planting, two harvests” model of perennial rice were proposed, including implementing a zoning and classified development strategy, strengthening scientific research and integrated innovation, building a full-industry-chain support system, and improving policy safeguards and service mechanisms, so as to provide support for ensuring food security and promoting the transition toward green and low-carbon agriculture.

Resource & Environment

Carbon emission changes and coordinated zoning of land use at the county level in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

YIN Wen, LIU Ping-hui, WU Jia

2026, 65(3):  33-41.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.006

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Taking 103 counties (cities, banners and districts) in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as the research objects, the changing patterns of land use carbon emissions in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2000 to 2020 were explored, the economic contribution coefficient of carbon emissions, the carbon ecological carrying coefficient, and the relationship between carbon sources and carbon sinks were comprehensively analyzed, and a carbon emission balance zoning scheme was proposed. The results showed that the carbon emissions in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region had generally increased from 32.642 6 million tons to 347.529 2 million tons from 2000 to 2020, an increase of 9.65 times, and showed a trend of “high-carbon expansion and low-carbon contraction”. The economic contribution coefficient of carbon emissions in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region showed a downward trend, and the spatial distribution pattern was high in the east and low in the west. The overall ecological carrying capacity of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region weakened significantly, and the carbon ecological carrying coefficient showed a polarized distribution feature of high in the northeast and low in the southwest. By integrating three core indicators of regional carbon emission economic efficiency coefficient, carbon ecological carrying coefficient, and the balance relationship between carbon sources and carbon sinks, a carbon emission coordination zoning system for Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was constructed. Ultimately, five types of carbon balance zones were formed, including carbon sink function zone, low-carbon maintenance zone, economic development zone, high-carbon optimization zone, and carbon intensity control zone. The differentiated development strategies of different zones were proposed to provide scientific support for realization of low-carbon coordinated development and the “dual carbon” goals in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Differences in leaf phosphorus component allocation strategies and ecological adaptability between invasive and native plants under phosphorus limitation

FAN Ying-xu, WANG Fa-ming, YAN Ru, LI Ming-feng

2026, 65(3):  42-49.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.007

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To reveal the differences in adaptation mechanisms between invasive plants and native plants in phosphorus-limited environments, common Fabaceae and Myrtaceae invasive plants（Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus grandis×urophylla） and native plants （Erythrophleum fordii, Syzygium rehderianum） in South China were selected. By establishing a background phosphorus treatment (phosphorus limitation) and a phosphorus addition treatment, their growth rate, leaf functional traits, and the content and allocation proportion of five phosphorus components (inorganic phosphate, small-molecular organic phosphorus, nucleic acid phosphorus, membrane lipid phosphorus, and residual phosphorus) were compared. Phenotypic plasticity was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that invasive plants had higher growth rates, photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency, and photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency under both the background phosphorus treatment and the phosphorus addition treatment. Invasive plants typically allocated phosphorus to inorganic phosphate and nucleic acid phosphorus components to increase growth rate and enhance photosynthetic nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency. In contrast, native plants tended to allocate phosphorus to membrane lipid phosphorus, which might be related to maintaining stress response and membrane system stability. Eucalyptus grandis×urophylla exhibited a flexible phosphorus utilization strategy, enabling adaptation to different phosphorus environments, whereas Acacia mangium was specifically adapted to low-phosphorus environments, potentially exacerbating soil phosphorus depletion through efficient phosphorus acquisition and threatening local（Guangzhou City） biodiversity. Southern China was a global biodiversity hotspot that, despite its rich biological diversity, faced widespread soil phosphorus limitation. In ecological restoration and vegetation establishment efforts, priority was given to the introduction and application of native plant species to enhance ecosystem stability and strengthen biodiversity conservation.

Geochemical characteristics and environmental significance of rare earth elements in representative coffee-producing areas of Yunnan Province

HUANG Qian-rui, ZHOU Xiao-hua, XIANG Yun-gang, HOU Ming-xing, BAO You-xian, LYU Yu

2026, 65(3):  50-58.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.008

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To investigate the geochemical behavior of rare earth elements and ensure ecological safety, a total of 120 surface soil samples were collected from coffee plantations at different altitudes and cultivation durations in Yunnan Province. Using geochemical analysis methods, the content, fractionation characteristics, and environmental significance of rare earth elements in soils from typical coffee-producing areas were systematically studied. The results showed that the average of total rare earth element content in soil samples from each coffee-producing areas was higher than the national background value of rare earth elements (163.86 mg/kg), and also exceeded the upper continental crust (UCC) value (150.68 mg/kg). The anomaly values of Ce (δ_Ce) and Eu (δ_Eu) in soils from different coffee-producing areas were significantly different. The δ_Ce ranged from 0.74 to 1.87, with an average value of 1.08. Normal δ_Ce values accounted for 61.98% of the total samples, and no marked positive anomaly was observed. δ_Eu ranged from 0.42 to 0.82, with an average of 0.56, showing a depletion trend. The ratio of light rare earth elements to heavy rare earth elements (LREE/HREE) in the study area ranged from 7.30 to 15.87, with an average of 10.67, indicating that light rare earth elements were relatively more enriched compared to heavy rare earth elements. There was a generally strong positive correlation among rare earth elements, while most rare earth elements showed weak negative correlations with organic matter. Light rare earth elements exhibited weak positive correlations with pH, whereas most heavy rare earth elements showed weak negative correlations with pH. Most rare earth elements had weak negative correlations or no correlation with Ca, and most rare earth elements showed no correlation with K or N. The altitude gradient had a significant control effect on the fractionation of rare earth elements, and there were obvious elevation differentiation characteristics.

Effects of combined application of different types of humic acid with optimized fertilization on yield and its components in a wheat-maize rotation system

CHENG Ai-zhen, HAN Ya-di, LIU Jia-xin, ZHANG Jie, GUO Jing-li, YE You-liang, YAN Jun-ying, ZHAO Ya-nan, HUANG Yu-fang, HU Sheng-liang

2026, 65(3):  59-63.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.009

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To investigate the synergistic regulatory effects of different types of humic acid combined with optimized fertilization on crop yield, a fixed-site field experiment with a winter wheat（Triticum aestivum L.）-summer maize（Zea mays L.） rotation was conducted from 2022 to 2024 in the fluvo-aquic soil area of Xinxiang County, Henan Province. Five treatments were established, including conventional fertilization (T1), optimized fertilization (T2), and optimized fertilization combined with micro-activated humic acid (T3), humic acid organic material (T4), or potassium humate (T5), respectively. The results showed that wheat yield over the two years was higher under the T3 and T4 treatments than under other treatments, while maize yield was higher under the T5 treatment. The two-year average results indicated that the T3 and T4 treatments were most effective in increasing wheat spike number. The T5 treatment resulted in higher maize kernel number per ear and 1000-kernel weight compared to other treatments, showing stable and optimal performance. High yield in wheat mainly relied on the increase in spike number, whereas achieving high yield in maize required the synergistic optimization of key traits such as ear number, kernels per row, and ear length, indicating differences in yield formation mechanisms between the two crops. In conclusion, the combined application of optimized fertilization with humic acid synergistically achieved fertilizer reduction along with increased yield and efficiency. The optimal combination for wheat was optimized fertilization with micro-activated humic acid or humic acid organic material, while for maize, it was optimized fertilization with potassium humate.

Effect of water-potassium coupling on potassium uptake and utilization of flue-cured tobacco

TANG Hong, ZENG Zhang-quan, WANG Jian-wei, LIU Lun-pei, TANG Kai-zhao, LENG Li-juan

2026, 65(3):  64-71.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.010

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To make reasonable use of water and potassium resources, the Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province was selected as a study area to explore the effects of different water-potassium coupling modes on the absorption and utilization of potassium nutrients in flue-cured tobacco. A field plot experiment was conducted with three irrigation levels (0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 L per plant) and three potassium application levels (K₂O application rates of 135, 270, and 405 kg/hm²). The effects of potassium application rate and irrigation amount on the absorption and utilization of potassium nutrients in flue-cured tobacco were investigated. The results showed that the accumulation of potassium in various organs, whole plant and stage of tobacco plants increased with the increase of the potassium application rate and irrigation amount. The absorption of potassium by different organs and its distribution proportion among organs followed the order: leaves > stems > roots. The absorption and accumulation intensity of potassium in tobacco plants were different at different growth stages, mainly concentrated in the vigorous growth period, and tobacco leaves were the main absorption and accumulation organs of potassium. The partial productivity of potassium fertilizer decreased with the increase in potassium application rate, while the potassium harvest index was better under medium-high irrigation and potassium application levels. The irrigation water use efficiency decreased with the increase in potassium application rate and irrigation amount. From the perspective of saving water and fertilizer and potassium absorption by tobacco plants, the coupling treatments of a potassium application rate of 270 kg/hm² with irrigation amounts of 1.00 L/plant or 2.00 L/plant were more conducive to enhancing the absorption and utilization of potassium by flue-cured tobacco in the study area.

Structural characteristics of the macrozoobenthos community and water quality assessment in the Laoguan River

LIU Jia-xuan, DING Sen, HAO Zhen-lin

2026, 65(3):  72-77.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.011

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To investigate the characteristics of the macrozoobenthos community structure and their relationship with environmental factors in the Laoguan River, a survey was conducted at eight sampling sites from November to December 2024. Hierarchical clustering, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), and redundancy analysis (RDA) were employed, along with the biological index(BI), the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) score, and the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) index for water quality assessment. The results showed that a total of 34 macrozoobenthos species belonging to 3 phyla were identified in the river, with Arthropoda being the dominant phylum. The spatial distribution of the community structure could be classified into three groups, which was highly consistent with the intensity of anthropogenic disturbance. The upstream Group A sampling sites (control) were dominated by sensitive taxa such as EPT, exhibiting a relatively intact community structure. The midstream and downstream sampling sites, affected by mining and urban construction, were dominated by pollution-tolerant taxa (e.g., Chironomidae, Corbicula), leading to a simplified community structure. The first two ordination axes (RDA1 and RDA2) cumulatively explained 73.5% of the variation in the macrozoobenthos community structure, indicating that environmental factors had strong explanatory power for the community structure variation, with water temperature and conductivity being the key influencing factors. The water quality in the upstream was good, but it declined significantly in the midstream and downstream, accompanied by marked degradation of the aquatic community, specifically manifested as a decrease in the abundance of sensitive aquatic insect taxa and an increase in pollution-tolerant taxa. Sampling site B3 showed a local recovery trend due to its greater distance from disturbance sources and certain self-purification capacity, but the EPT abundance remained relatively low (13.2%), reflecting slight water quality degradation. The assessment results differed among the various indices, highlighting the need for a comprehensive evaluation combining multiple indices to accurately ascertain the true status of the river water quality.

Effects of Ipomoea aquatica floating bed coverage ratios on growth status and aquaculture water quality of Oreochromis niloticus

HUANG Yi-ning, LIN Qian-qian, ZHU Xin-yan, SHEN Xu-hong

2026, 65(3):  78-83.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.012

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In order to further explore the effect of floating bed coverage of Ipomoea aquatica on the water quality of Oreochromis niloticus aquaculture system, the experimental groups with 20% (C₂ group), 30% (C₃ group), 40% (C₄ group) of floating bed coverage of I. aquatica and the control group without floating bed coverage (C₀ group) were set up, and O. niloticus was fed by the satiation feeding method. Since the beginning of the experiment, water samples were collected every 7 days to detect the water quality. The specific detection indexes included the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite nitrogen (NO₂^--N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) in the aquaculture water. At the end of the 35 d experiment, the growth indexes such as body length and body weight of O. niloticus were detected. The results showed that the water quality indexes and growth indexes of C₂ group, C₃ group and C₄ group were better than those of C₀ group. The TAN concentration of C₄ group was significantly lower than that in other treatment groups (P<0.05), and the NO₂^--N and NO₃^--N concentrations were also the lowest. Additionally, all growth indicators of O. niloticus in the C₄ group were superior to those in the other treatment groups. There were no significant differences in DO concentrations among the treatment groups (P>0.05). On the whole, the water purification effect of O. niloticus aquaculture system covered with I. aquaticawas better than that of traditional aquaculture. When the floating bed coverage was 40%, the water purification effect and fish growth indexes of the fish-vegetable symbiotic system were the best.

The long road ahead for fertilizer utilization of agricultural waste：A survey analysis based on 81 organic fertilizer enterprises in Hubei Province

CHEN Yun-feng, XU Min, FU Cong, ZHAN Guang-hui, ZHAN Ya-bin, ZHANG Zhi

2026, 65(3):  84-90.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.013

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To systematically understand the actual operation status, technical bottlenecks, and development demands of organic fertilizer enterprises in the fertilizer utilization of agricultural waste,from November 2021 to August 2024, a full-process survey was conducted on 81 organic fertilizer enterprises in 14 counties (cities, districts) of Hubei Province through a combination of field visits and questionnaire surveys. The results showed that organic fertilizer enterprises in Hubei Province were predominantly private (86.4%), 43.0% of enterprises had an annual production capacity of 30,000 tons or less, and the operational rate was 63.5%. The main raw material for organic fertilizer enterprises was chicken manure (64.2%), and auxiliary materials mainly included grain processing by-products such as rice bran (79.7%) and crop straw (78.5%). 88.9% of enterprises used fermentation agents in the production process. The mainstream fertilization processes were trough-type (56.2%) and windrow-type (25.0%), with a fermentation cycle of 30-60 days. The main products were ordinary organic fertilizer (90.1%), bio-organic fertilizer (69.1%), and organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (42.0%). Nearly 50% of enterprises lacked odor removal facilities, and even those that had them mostly adopted simple methods such as adding deodorizing agents. Regarding enterprise demands, 65.6% of enterprises hoped for more government support. The organic fertilizer industry as a whole was still in the early stage of development. Technically, there was an urgent need to break through shortcomings such as raw material pretreatment, functional agent application, and environmental control. Policy-wise, organic fertilizer enterprises should be integrated into the agricultural infrastructure system, with coordinated planning and collaborative advancement, to achieve efficient, green, and sustainable resource utilization of agricultural waste.

Plant Protection

The combined use of Beauveria bassiana and reduced-dose chemical pesticides against strawberry red spider mites and its effects on strawberry growth and quality

GAO Xin-mei, WANG Shan-shan

2026, 65(3):  91-95.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.014

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To clarify the control efficacy of the combined application of Beauveria bassiana with reduced-dose chemical pesticides against strawberry red spider mites, a field experiment was conducted by combining Beauveria bassiana with reduced doses of 20% etoxazole and 30% cyenopyrafen. The control effects of different treatments against strawberry red spider mites, as well as their influences on the activities of strawberry leaf defense enzymes, plant growth, fruit quality and yield, were systematically compared. The results showed that the control effects of Beauveria bassiana combined with a 25% reduced dose of 20% etoxazole (T3) and with a 25% reduced dose of 30% cyenopyrafen (T7) reached 82.17%, 86.74% and 83.30%, 87.36% at 14 and 20 days after application, respectively, all of which were higher than those of the recommended full dose of 20% etoxazole alone (T2) and 30% cyenopyrafen alone (T6). The control effects of Beauveria bassiana combined with a 50% reduced dose of 20% etoxazole (T4) and with a 50% reduced dose of 30% cyenopyrafen (T8) reached 85.15% and 84.14%, respectively, at 20 days after application, which were also higher than those of T2 and T6. The activities of leaf peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and polyphenol oxidase in T3 and T7 at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after application were all higher than those in T2 and T6. Similarly, the activities of these enzymes in treatments T4 and T8 were also higher than those in T2 and T6 at 20 days after application. Plant height, stem diameter, maximum leaf area, and SPAD values in T3, T4, T7, and T8 were all higher than those in T2 and T6. Moreover, the contents of soluble sugar, soluble solids, vitamin C and fruit yield in T3, T4, T7, and T8 were significantly higher than those in T2 and T6.

Research progress on the application of RNA interference technology in the precise control of piercing-sucking pests

CHENG Xi-yu, FANG Shang-ling, MIN Yong, LIU Xiao-yan, ZHU Lei, CHEN Ling

2026, 65(3):  96-105.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.015

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In response to the challenges of growing insecticide resistance in piercing-sucking pests and the limitations of traditional chemical control methods, the research and application status of RNA interference (RNAi) technology in the green management of piercing-sucking pests was systematically reviewed. First, the mechanism of RNAi and its technical adaptability to the feeding behavior of piercing-sucking pests were elaborated. Next, key target genes validated in major pest groups, such as aphids, whiteflies, and planthoppers, as well as their interference effects, were summarized. The core bottlenecks hindering the industrialization of this technology were then analyzed, including issues such as dsRNA delivery efficiency, potential pest resistance, production costs, and environmental safety, along with corresponding optimization strategies. Finally, the application prospects of RNA-based pesticides and RNAi transgenic crops in future agricultural green pest management systems were discussed.

Attraction effects of different light spectra on adult scarab beetles in tobacco fields and analysis of their beneficial-to-harmful insect ratios

FAN Long, ZHANG Tong-jin, SHEN Min, JIANG Yue, WANG Tao, HU Feng, LI Cai-bin, HUANG Yan-zhang

2026, 65(3):  106-111.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.016

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To achieve precise control of tobacco scarab beetle damage, a fixed-point trapping method was employed to investigate the attraction effects of four light spectra on adult scarab beetles in tobacco fields of Weining County, Guizhou Province, as well as their safety for major beneficial insects. The characteristics of the four tested light spectra were as follows: 1#, 330-420 nm, with peak wavelengths at 350 and 370 nm; 2#, 330-600 nm, with peak wavelengths at 350, 380, and 560 nm; 3#, 570-680 nm, with peak wavelengths at 605, 628, and 650 nm; 4#, 330-490 nm, with a peak wavelength at 350 nm. The results showed that the attractiveness of the four light spectra to adult scarab beetles followed the order of 2# > 4# > 1# > 3#, with spectrum 2# exhibiting the highest attraction effect. Spectrum 2# attracted the greatest number of three key scarab beetle species: Maladera verticalis, Maladera ovatula, and Maladera orientalis, with a cumulative total of 1 693 individuals, accounting for 26.19% of the total insects trapped by this spectrum. Spectrum 4# ranked second, trapping a total of 1 215 individuals, representing 26.80% of its total catch. The safety analysis showed that spectrum 2# had the lowest beneficial-to-harmful insect ratio, with a value of 0.016. Analysis of phototactic rhythm revealed that the nocturnal phototactic activity of scarab beetles was mainly concentrated between 20:00 and 24:00. The highest number of the three key scarab beetle species was trapped during 22:00-24:00 (187 individuals), followed by 20:00-22:00 (96 individuals). Comprehensive analysis indicated that spectrum 2# demonstrated the optimal attraction effect for scarab beetle pests and key species, along with the lowest beneficial-to-harmful insect ratio, indicating good safety for application in tobacco fields. The optimal trapping period was recommended to be from 20:00 to 24:00.

Horticulture & Local Products

Screening of superior rootstock families of Carya illinoinensis

CAI Xin-ling, ZHOU Mi-sheng, WANG Lu-jun, XIAO Zheng-dong, JIANG Chun-wu

2026, 65(3):  112-117.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.017

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To screen out superior rootstock families of Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, the seeds from 15 Carya illinoinensis varieties and elite trees were used as experimental materials. Nut traits, seedling growth rhythm, and seedling biomass were measured. Variance,Correlation Coefficient and Principal Component Analysis were employed to conduct family comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of seed traits ranged from 0.44% to 29.71%, there were significant differences in core indicators such as single fruit weight and longitudinal diameter, while only the transverse diameter showed small variation, which reflected the genetic diversity among families. The coefficient of variation for seedling traits ranges from 13.32% to 40.89%,there were significant differences in ground diameter and seedling height, and the variation range of seedling growth was larger than that of seed traits. Among these, the variation in root dry weight was the most significant, which was conducive to the rapid screening of robust families.All families were infected with Phylloxera notabilis. The pest infestation level had no correlation with seed traits and was affected by environmental factors. Therefore, pest prevention and control measures were required to reduce interference. Five principal components with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 89.47% were extracted via principal component analysis to construct a comprehensive evaluation model. The comprehensive ranking of the families was as follows: Family 12>Family 8>Family 15>Family 9>Family 7, etc. Through comprehensive screening, Family 12 and Family 8 were identified. These two families exhibited large seeds, high kernel percentage, and robust seedling growth, making them potentially excellent rootstock families.

Screening and identification of CYP82E4 gene mutants in cigar tobacco

GAO Yu-long, WANG Bing-wu, ZHAO Lu, SHI Jun-li, JIAO Fang-chan, SONG Zhong-bang, LI Yong-ping

2026, 65(3):  118-121.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.018

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The N-demethylase gene CYP82E4 is a key gene responsible for the conversion of nicotine to nornicotine in tobacco. To develop breeding materials for cigars with a low nicotine conversion rate, EMS mutants of CYP82E4 gene were screened from an EMS mutant library of the cigar variety “Yunxue 39”. Through pooled amplification followed by sequencing analysis, two mutants including Mu1456 and Mu1568 were identified. The nucleotide mutation in Mu1456 was C139T, resulting in an amino acid change of L47F. Mu1568 had a nucleotide mutation of G134A, leading to an encoded amino acid mutation of G45D. SIFT predicted that the two mutation sites exerted a severe impact on protein function. Molecular docking analysis revealed that both mutant sites were located at critical positions of the substrate access channel. The mutated residues were substantially larger than their wild-type counterparts, causing steric hindrance in the substrate channel and thereby impairing nicotine binding to the active site. Compared to the wild-type control, the nicotine conversion rates of the M₄ generation mutants Mu1456 and Mu1568 were reduced by 0.39 and 0.66 percentage points, respectively, while the reductions in the M₅ generation were 1.07 and 1.57 percentage points, respectively. These results demonstrated that mutation of the CYP82E4 gene could significantly reduce the nicotine conversion rate in cigar tobacco. This study provided valuable breeding resources for developing reduced-harm cigar varieties.

Breeding and characteristics of a new flue-cured tobacco variety Yunyan303

JIAO Fang-chan, WU Xing-fu, FENG Zhi-yu, CHEN Xue-jun, TONG Zhi-jun, ZHANG Yi-han, LI Yong-ping

2026, 65(3):  122-126.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.019

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Yunyan303 was a new flue-cured tobacco variety bred by using MSK326 as the female parent and rY3 as the male parent. The plants were tower-shaped with long elliptical leaves, had an average topped plant height of 153.0 cm, produced 23-24 harvestable leaves, and required a field growth period of 135 days. This variety showed resistance to black shank (race 0) and moderate resistance to brown spot. Compared with the control variety KRK26, Yunyan303 demonstrated stronger plant vigor and significantly higher resistance to black shank, while its main agronomic and economic traits were generally comparable to those of the control. In terms of cured leaf quality, the sensory quality of Yunyan303 was comparable to that of KRK26, its appearance quality score was higher than that of the control, its chemical composition score was similar, and its physical property score was lower than that of the control. Overall, while maintaining the other traits of KRK26, Yunyan303 had significantly improved resistance to black shank (race 0). This variety was suitable for planting in regions with favorable light and heat conditions.

Effects of different fertilizer reduction and efficiency increasing modes on yield and quality of broccoli

CHEN Fang, LI Lan-xian, DING Yuan-tao, YIN Ming, DOU Bao-qi, SUN Xiong-jun, HU Si-fan, QIAN Xiao-ming, SHEN Wen-qiu, ZHAN Ya-bin, LIU Bo

2026, 65(3):  127-130.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.020

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In order to study the technology of reducing fertilizer and increasing efficiency suitable for the production of broccoli(Brassica oleracea var. italica) and improve planting efficiency, five treatments were set up: No fertilization(CK), conventional fertilization(FFP), optimized fertilization(OPT), organic substitution fertilization(OPT-1), organic substitution + water-soluble fertilizer topdressing(OPT-2). The effects of different fertilization modes on biological traits, yield, partial factor productivity of fertilizer, quality, dry matter and nutrient accumulation of broccoli were studied. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the yield, dry matter, N and P₂O₅ accumulation between organic substitution + water-soluble fertilizer topdressing and conventional fertilization. The partial factor productivity of fertilizer, vitamin C, soluble sugar, soluble protein and K₂O accumulation were significantly higher than those of conventional fertilization(P<0.05), and the chlorophyll content and nitrate content were significantly lower than those of conventional fertilization(P<0.05). When planting broccoli, it was suggested that the fertilization mode should adopt organic substitution + water-soluble fertilizer topdressing to ensure the yield of broccoli and improve its quality.

Effects of foliar application of GA₃ and 6-BA on growth, flowering characteristics and nutrient physiology of Gerbera jamesonii

LI Yong, SUN Can-yue, LIU Yi, TANG Qiu-ming, LI Hao-yu, LI Ting, TAN Li-zhi, XU Yuan-yuan, YANG Shu-ting

2026, 65(3):  131-136.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.021

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To investigate the effects of exogenous hormone concentrations on the growth and development of Gerbera jamesonii, foliar application treatments with different concentrations (100, 200, 300 mg/L) of gibberellic acid（GA₃） (T1, T2, T3) and 6-Benzylaminopurine(6-BA) (T4, T5, T6) were set up, with deionized water as the control (CK, T7). By measuring the growth, nutrient, physiological and biochemical indices of Gerbera jamesonii, the effects of different treatments were comprehensively analyzed to select the optimal treatment. The results showed that the budding time for T4 was 36 days earlier than that for CK; T3 had the longest flowering duration (18.71 d) and the greatest scape height. Exogenous hormones significantly affected the physiological indices of Gerbera jamesonii, with similar trends observed in SOD activity, PPO activity and MDA content, all of which were highest in T4. Exogenous hormones generally reduced the belowground biomass of Gerbera jamesonii, but the root-shoot ratios of all treatments were significantly higher than those of CK except for T5. Different treatments had significant effects on the nutrient contents of the aboveground and belowground parts of the plants, with the overall nutrient contents of the aboveground parts higher than those of the belowground parts, and the total nitrogen content of the aboveground parts in most treatments was significantly higher than that of CK. The comprehensive evaluation based on principal component analysis and the membership function method revealed that the order of the average membership values of each treatment was T1 (0.72) > T3 (0.60) > T2 (0.59) > T4 (0.58) > T5 (0.57) > T6 (0.46) > T7 (0.44).

Medicinal Plant

The distribution and germplasm resource conservation techniques of wild Belamcanda chinensis in the Dabie Mountains of Hubei Province

WANG Ming-hui, YAN Hong-yuan, TAN Zhong-chuan, XIA Zhen-zhou, LI Ning, XIONG Fei, SUN Wei, CHEN Xiao-ye, LIN Tian-sheng

2026, 65(3):  137-142.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.022

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To clarify the current status of wild Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. resources in the Dabie Mountains of Hubei Province and to construct a systematic conservation technology system, a systematic investigation into the distribution range, resource status, and changing trends of wild Belamcanda chinensis in the region was conducted through years of field surveys, resource collection, and interviews, combined with geographic information and statistical analysis methods. Practical conservation techniques, including the establishment of a germplasm nursery, cultivation management, and new variety selection and breeding, were also implemented. The results showed that wild Belamcanda chinensis was distributed across all 10 counties (cities) of the Dabie Mountains in Hubei Province, involving a total of 93 townships, which accounted for 68.89% of the total number of townships in the region. The resources were mainly sporadically distributed. Compared with the 1980s, the number of townships with distribution had decreased by 13.21%, and both resource density and total quantity had declined by over 90%. A systematic technical system for the conservation of wild Belamcanda chinensis resources was developed, encompassing aspects such as the construction of the germplasm resource nursery, standardized cultivation technology systems, integrated pest and disease control, and the selection and breeding of new varieties. The research findings clarified the distribution pattern and decline trend of wild Belamcanda chinensis resources in the Dabie Mountains of Hubei Province. The proposed conservation techniques could provide technical support for the scientific collection, effective conservation, and sustainable utilization of wild Chinese medicinal plant germplasm resources in this region and similar areas.

Optimization of cultivation patterns for Macheng chrysanthemum based on orthogonal experiment and its effects on yield and quality

OU Wen-hua, HE Lin, DENG Hong-lin, BAO Yu, MEI Zhi-nan

2026, 65(3):  143-149.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.023

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Aiming at the problems of fragmented cultivation techniques and the difficulty in synergistically improving yield and quality in chrysanthemum production in Macheng, a four-factor three-level orthogonal experiment design was adopted to systematically investigate the effects of cultivar (early-flowering Fubaiju, Fubaiju, Hangbaiju), planting density (37 500,45 000,52 500 plants/hm²), pinching frequency (2, 3, 4 times), and organic fertilizer substitution rate (20%, 30%, 40%) on the yield and quality of chrysanthemum. The results showed that cultivar was the decisive factor affecting chrysanthemum quality. The average chlorogenic acid content in early-flowering Fubaiju was 0.597%, 2.6 times that of Hangbaiju; the average isochlorogenic acid A content was 1.211%, 2.7 times that of Hangbaiju. The organic fertilizer substitution rate significantly affected both yield and quality. The treatment with a 20% substitution rate achieved an average yield of 10 205.28 kg/hm² and showed the best overall performance. Pinching frequency improved some quality indicators, but a frequency of 2 times showed the best comprehensive performance. Range analysis indicated that the order of factors affecting yield was: Organic fertilizer substitution rate > cultivar > pinching frequency > planting density. The order for chlorogenic acid content was: Cultivar > organic fertilizer substitution rate > pinching frequency > planting density. Based on comprehensive yield and quality performance, the optimal cultivation scheme was recommended as: Early-flowering Fubaiju + 37 500 plants/hm² + 2 pinching times + 20% organic fertilizer substitution rate. This combination was expected to achieve a yield of 9 348.90 kg/hm², a chlorogenic acid content of 0.630%, an isochlorogenic acid A content of 1.262%, and a comprehensive score of 62.83, realizing the synergistic improvement of yield and quality.

Impacts of altitude and fertilization on yield and quality of safflower rotated after flue-cured tobacco

SHAN Kui, ZHOU Min, YANG Jing-hua, SHI Yuan, LI Hang, CHEN Xi-yao, YANG Rui, ZHANG Lan-qing, LI Hong-tu, ZOU Bing-li, HU Xue-li, ZHOU Shao-song

2026, 65(3):  150-156.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.024

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To investigate the optimal altitude and fertilization rate for safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in post-flue-cured-tobacco crop rotation, field plot experiments were conducted at altitudes of 1 590 m and 1 972 m. Four fertilization treatments were designed: T1 (CK), no fertilizer; T2, application of compound fertilizer at 250.05 kg/hm² (equivalent to pure nutrient application rates of N 30.0 kg/hm², P₂O₅ 30.0 kg/hm², and K₂O 60.0 kg/hm²); T3, application of compound fertilizer at 499.95 kg/hm² (equivalent to pure nutrient application rates of N 60.0 kg/hm², P₂O₅ 60.0 kg/hm², and K₂O 120.0 kg/hm²); T4, application of compound fertilizer at 750.00 kg/hm² (equivalent to pure nutrient application rates of N 90.0 kg/hm², P₂O₅ 90.0 kg/hm², and K₂O 180.0 kg/hm²). The effects of different altitudes and fertilization rates on the agronomic traits, yield, and quality of safflower and their correlations were studied. The results showed that at both 1 590 m and 1 972 m altitude, the T2 produced the highest dry petal yield, while the T4 produced the highest hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) content. Taking fertilizer cost, dry petal yield, and HSYA content into comprehensive consideration, the economically optimal fertilization rate for safflower cultivated in moderately fertile former tobacco fields was the T1 (no fertilizer) at around 1 590 m altitude, and the T2 at around 1 972 m altitude.

Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine

Genetic mechanism of polymorphisms of SLC45A2 and TYR genes on plumage color in Qiangshan Cloud Chickens

LI Rong-hong, WU Jin-bo, YANG Xiao-lin, ZHOU Yu-zhen, WANG Rong-fang, LI Xing-liang, MU Sang

2026, 65(3):  157-162.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.025

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To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying feather coloration, 60 adult chickens (30 Qiangshan Cloud Chickens and 30 Fengwei Chickens, with equal sex distribution) were selected as experimental subjects. The polymorphisms of the SLC45A2 and TYR genes were analyzed by PCR amplification,sequencing,and insertion mutation detection methods. Results demonstrated that the missense mutation (c.1039 C>A, p.Leu347Met; homologous to the silver feather allele) in exon 4 of the SLC45A2 gene showed significant association with the cloud-like plumage phenotype (P<0.01), with mutant genotypes (homozygous mutant AA and heterozygous AW) accounting for 93% of Cloud Chickens. The 7.7 kb viral insertion mutation in intron 4 of the TYR gene was present in 18% of individuals (homozygous mutant CC genotype), but exhibited no significant effect on plumage coloration. The c.1039 C>A missense mutation in SLC45A2 gene exon 4 was the key genetic variant responsible for cloud-like plumage in Qiangshan Cloud Chickens. Although TYR gene participated in the melanin synthesis pathway, its intronic insertion mutation was not a determinant of feather color variation.

Abnormal sound recognition of broiler chickens combining efficient channel attention and global attention mechanism

NING Zhong-yi, ZHANG Ren-long

2026, 65(3):  163-170.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.026

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To investigate the vocalizations of broilers under different health conditions in poultry houses, and achieve non-contact, automated identification and monitoring of broiler health status, thereby enhancing the intelligence of poultry farming and improving animal welfare. Addressing the issue of acoustic feature distortion caused by respiratory diseases, a lightweight broiler health sound recognition model（MobileNetV3-ECA-GAM）that integrated efficient channel attention (ECA) and global attention mechanism (GAM) to realize “channel-spatial cascade enhancement” was proposed. This design strengthened the model’s capacity to capture pathological acoustic features. In the experiment, 100 one-day-old mixed-sex broilers were divided into two groups. The primary respiratory disease of interest was infectious bronchitis, a common condition in broilers. Controlled-environment audio data were collected at scheduled intervals from both healthy and diseased (treated) groups. Preprocessing steps included audio segmentation, spectral subtraction for noise reduction, and conversion to Mel-spectrograms. Results demonstrated that the MobileNetV3-ECA-GAM model achieved an outstanding 96.75% accuracy in broiler abnormal sound recognition tasks, validating the effectiveness of ECA and GAM in enhancing model performance, efficiency, and generalization. These findings indicated that the proposed model was well-suited for non-contact abnormal sound monitoring in broilers, providing both theoretical and technical support for intelligent poultry farming.

Storage & Processing

Optimization of extraction process for forsythoside and forsythoside A from branches and leaves of Forsythia suspensa by response surface methodology

AI Dan, ZHAO Jing-li, YIN Zhao-qing

2026, 65(3):  171-176.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.027

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To explore the optimal ultrasonic extraction process for forsythoside and forsythoside A from Forsythia suspensa branches and leaves,the single-factor test combined with response surface test design, the mathematical model with the extraction rates of forsythoside and forsythoside A as the evaluation indexes to screen the optimal process parameters, such as the solid-liquid ratio, extraction time and ethanol concentration. The results showed that the optimal extraction condition for forsythoside was solid-liquid ratio of 20∶1 mL∶g, ethanol concentration of 30%, and extraction time of 30 min; while the optimal extraction condition for forsythoside A was solid-liquid ratio of 45∶1 mL∶g, ethanol concentration of 50%, and extraction time of 30 min. Verification experiment indicated that under the above extraction conditions, the relative standard deviation between the actual extraction rate of forsythoside and the predicted value was 0.3%(< 3%), and that of forsythoside A was 2.5% (< 3%), which confirmed that the model was reliable and the process was stable. The established optimization method provided a technical reference for the efficient extraction of forsythoside and forsythoside A from the branches and leaves of Forsythia suspensa.

Research progress of processing technologies and equipment for Pelodiscus sinensis

CHEN Lang, CHEN Meng-ting, LIN Jia-hao, LIAO Tao, WU Wen-jin

2026, 65(3):  177-181.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.028

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Pelodiscus sinensis is a distinctive aquatic product in China, valued for its favorable sensory attributes and high nutritional quality, and is highly accepted by consumers. This paper focused on the research progress in key technologies for primary processing - mainly pretreatment procedures such as “slaughtering-skinning-opening shell-flavor removal” as well as key technologies for deep processing and the supporting equipment for related steps. The current development status of processing industry of Pelodiscus sinensis was systematically summarized and the deficiencies of supporting processing equipment in the current application were analyzed. The future development trend of the initial processing standardization, deep processing functionalization, and processing equipment automation and intelligence of Pelodiscus sinensis was further prospected, aiming to provide theoretical references and technical insights for the sustainable development of the industry of Pelodiscus sinensis.

Detection Analysis

Extraction of volatile oils from different varieties of Rongan kumquat and GC-MS analysis of their chemical components

YANG Ni, XIE Wei, LIU Yun-long, LAI Fei-e, HE Neng-ting

2026, 65(3):  182-189.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.029

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To provide key data for the medicinal development and superior germplasm screening of Rongan kumquat(Citrus japonica), steam distillation was employed, and the extraction process of volatile oil was optimized using single-factor tests combined with an L₉(3⁴) orthogonal test with solid-to-liquid ratio, sodium chloride concentration, and extraction time as variables. The components of the volatile oil and kumquat dew were quantitatively analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the optimal extraction process for the volatile oil from Rongan kumquat peel was a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶8 (m/V), a sodium chloride concentration of 3%, and an extraction time of 3 h. The average extraction yield in the verification test was 2.7%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.7%, indicating a stable and reliable process. Seventeen and sixteen compounds were identified in the volatile oils of Youpi Kumquat and Huapi Kumquat, respectively, including (+)-limonene, myrcene, and pinene. Eight and twelve compounds were identified in the kumquat dew of Fuyuan Kumquat and Cuimi Kumquat, respectively, including 2-hexenal, (+)-limonene, and 3-furaldehyde. There were 11 common components in the volatile oils of Youpi Kumquat and Huapi Kumquat, and 6 common components in the kumquat dew of Fuyuan Kumquat and Cuimi Kumquat. Differences existed among the four varieties in fruit traits, volatile oil yield, and chemical composition.

Agricultural Engineering

Improved YOLOv12 with multi-scale feature fusion and attention mechanism for crop pest detection

YU Li-min, WU Qi-feng, QU Rong-fang, BAI Ru-xiao, LI Quan-sheng, AN Xiao-fei, ZHANG Lin-xian

2026, 65(3):  190-196.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.030

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To address the challenges of small pest targets, numerous categories, large illumination variations, and strong background interference in complex farmland environments,the CPD-YOLO (Crop Pest Detection YOLO), an improved crop pest detection method based on YOLOv12, was proposed. Without a notable increase in computational cost, CPD-YOLO incorporated a lightweight high-resolution feature branch, a lightweight BiFPN-based multi-scale feature fusion module, and an anchor-free detection head tailored for small objects to enhance fine-grained feature preservation, multi-scale contextual interaction, and small target localization regression ability. Experiments were conducted on a dataset covering 102 major crop pest categories, including pests of rice, maize, and legumes. The results showed that, compared with the YOLOv12 baseline, CPD-YOLO improved mAP@0.5 by approximately 3.6 percentage points and mAP@0.5∶0.95 by approximately 4.2 percentage points. Compared with SSD,Faster R-CNN,YOLOv5,YOLOv7,YOLOv8 and YOLOv9, CPD-YOLO further increased mAP@0.5 by about 15.3,9.6,7.9,5.1,5.4 and 4.2 percentage points, respectively, while maintaining real-time inference speed close to the YOLOv12 baseline. These results demonstrated that CPD-YOLO could effectively improve pest detection performance under complex field conditions and provided reliable technical support for intelligent monitoring and precision control of crop pest.

Biological Engineering

Cloning and expression pattern analysis of the PMK gene in the flower of Panax notoginseng grown under forests

YAN Yong-li, WANG Yan, WANG Yu-ran, WANG Shu, HE Xia-hong, RUI Rui

2026, 65(3):  197-203.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.031

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To investigate the biological function of the mevalonate-5-phosphate kinase (PMK) gene in the flower of Panax notoginseng under different cultivation modes and at different flowering stages, the flowers from two different agroforestry systems (Pinus armandii-Panax notoginseng and Pinus yunnanensis-Panax notoginseng) were used as materials. Primers were designed based on transcriptome data, and the PMK gene was obtained using techniques such as PCR and RT-qPCR, and named PnPMK. The results showed that the full-length PnPMK gene was 414 bp, encoding 138 amino acids. The protein had a molecular mass of 15 155.81 u and a theoretical isoelectric point of 7.62, indicating it was a weakly basic protein. It exhibited weak hydrophobicity, contained no signal peptide, and was predicted to possess a transmembrane domain, primarily localizing to the plasma membrane and mitochondria. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the PMK protein sequence of Panax notoginseng was most closely related to that of Panax ginseng, with a similarity of 77.21%. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of the PnPMK gene differed between the two agroforestry systems. In the Pinus armandii-Panax notoginseng system, the gene exhibited a higher relative expression level in the flowers at the full-bloom stage, whereas in the Pinus yunnanensis-Panax notoginseng system, its relative expression level was higher in the flowers at the initial-bloom stage. The relative expression level of the PnPMK gene showed a significant positive correlation with temperature, and significant negative correlations with relative humidity and altitude, but no significant correlation with atmospheric pressure. Different agroforestry system modes and flowering stages had a significant impact on the expression of the PnPMK gene in the flowers of Panax notoginseng.

Establishment of a tissue culture system for the ancient Chinese rose Chilonghanzhu

CAI Si-yuan, DING Zhi-yin, ZHOU Zhi-hang, LIN Dan-yi, HUANG Yi-wen, LIU Yang

2026, 65(3):  204-209.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.032

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To conserve the germplasm resources of precious ancient Chinese roses and achieve their efficient propagation, stem segments with axillary buds of Yueyuehong（Rosa chinensis‘Slater’s Crimson China’） Chilonghanzhu were used as explants to systematically optimize each key stage of tissue culture. The results showed that the optimal sterilization protocol for the explants was treatment with 75% ethanol for 30 s followed by immersion in 5% sodium hypochlorite for 15 min, resulting in a contamination rate of 13%, a browning rate of 3.3%, and a high axillary bud induction rate of 83.3%. The most suitable medium for subculture and proliferation was MS + 1.00 mg/L 6-BA + 0.50 mg/L NAA, which produced shoots length of 5.3 cm, a proliferation coefficient of 5.5, and the shoots were robust with broad leaves. The optimal rooting medium was 1/2MS + 0.50 mg/L IBA, achieving a rooting rate of 95%, with an average of 13.0 roots per plant, an average root length of 2.9 cm, and the root systems were vigorous. After acclimatization, the plantlets were transplanted into a substrate mixture of vermiculite, perlite, and nutrient soil in a mass ratio of 1∶1∶3 and survived well, indicating the successful establishment of an efficient and stable tissue culture and rapid propagation system for Chilonghanzhu.

Economy & Management

The coordinated evolution of new-quality productive forces in agriculture and comprehensive rural revitalization and the diagnosis of obstacle factors

XIA Wen-hao, LIU Zhi-you, YANG Hong-bin, LU Yong-kang, HE Hua

2026, 65(3):  210-216.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.033

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To systematically explore the intrinsic coordinated evolution relationship between new-quality productive forces in agriculture and comprehensive rural revitalization, based on the panel data of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China from 2011 to 2023,the entropy method was used to calculate the weights of new-quality productive forces in agriculture and comprehensive rural revitalization,the coupling coordination degree was further computed to characterize their synergistic evolution characteristics, and the key obstacle factors affecting their coupling coordination were diagnosed based on the obstacle degree model. The results showed that the coupling coordination degree of new-quality productive forces in agriculture and comprehensive rural revitalization was on the rise, with an average annual growth rate of 1.91%, but it was still in the stage of barely coordination; the spatial distribution was characterized by higher value in the east and lower value in the west, exhibiting a distinct spatial clustering pattern; the main obstacle factors affecting the new-quality productive forces in agriculture included the efficiency of agricultural electricity consumption, the infrastructure, the number of rural broadband users, the number of rural cable TV users and the level of scientific and technological innovation; the main obstacle factors affecting comprehensive rural revitalization included the average number of air conditioners per 100 rural households by year-end, the transaction volume of agricultural product markets exceeding 100 million yuan, the GDP, and the number of rural doctors and health workers.

The impact of agricultural supply chain finance on farmers' income increase in the context of rural revitalization: From the mediating perspective of farmers' professional cooperatives

CHEN Yun-qiao, SHI Yan-wen

2026, 65(3):  217-223.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.034

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The panel data from 30 provinces in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Tibet Autonomous Region) from 2011 to 2022 was selected to empirically test the impact of agricultural supply chain finance on farmers' income increase and its mechanism of action. The study found that agricultural supply chain finance significantly promoted farmers' income increase; mechanism testing showed that farmers' professional cooperatives played an intermediary role in the process of agricultural supply chain finance promoting farmers' income increase; heterogeneity analysis indicated that the promotion effect of agricultural supply chain finance was more significant in major grain-producing areas and high-income areas; the analysis of the spatial Durbin model showed that agricultural supply chain finance and farmers' income increase presented a positive spatial spillover effect.

Rural Revitalization

Implementation path of digital village in Guangxi under the background of integration into Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

MO Xiao-xiang, LAN Zong-bao, HE Hai-bi, WEI Ying-ying, KONG Jia-jun, LU Yu-ming, WU Sai-sai, CHEN He, NING Xia, ZENG Zhi-kang

2026, 65(3):  224-233.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.035

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To promote the comprehensive revitalization of Guangxi's rural areas and achieve coordinated development with the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area ,the current situation of digital rural construction in Guangxi and the advantages of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area were systematically analyzed. The "12345" strategic conception of Guangxi's digital village had been innovatively proposed, which included "one unified plan" "two principles" "three fields" "four mechanisms" and "five pathways". On this basis, the coordinated development pattern of the "five clusters" of digital village in Guangxi was comprehensively promoted: the digital village cluster of capital economic circle, the digital village cluster of southern maritime economy, the digital village cluster of western border trade and cross-border, the digital village cluster of northern karst ecological high-value agriculture, and the digital village cluster of eastern Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area agricultural product supply. Focusing on the construction of digital+new infrastructure, digital+production, digital+life, digital+ecology, digital+governance, and digital+services, five models were being developed: digital urban village, digital fishery village, digital border trade village, digital mountain village, and digital pastoral village, according to local conditions. It would develop an implementation path of digital village with Guangxi's distinctive characteristics, create a Guangxi model of digital village, and provide theoretical guidance for the construction of digital Guangxi and the rural comprehensive revitalization.

Evaluation and path exploration of the construction level of livable and beautiful countryside based on AHP: Taking Jiangsu Province as an example

TANG Ling, JIA Jun-li, MEI Xue-ying, LUO Hai-rong, BO Lei, JIA Xin-ping

2026, 65(3):  234-240.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.036

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To scientifically evaluate the construction level of livable and beautiful countryside, and explore its practical pathways, taking Jiangsu Province as an example, an evaluation system based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was developed, covering five dimensions-ecological livability environment, basic public services, industrial economic development, comprehensive rural governance, and harmonious rural culture-with 14 element layers and 57 indicators. Combined with the fuzzy evaluation method and the expert scoring method, 28 typical villages in 13 cities were empirically evaluated. The results showed that the overall level of harmonious and beautiful countryside development in Jiangsu Province was upper-middle (mean score of 3.944 3). The ratings exhibited a "middle-dominant, tail-thin" distribution, with high-level villages accounting for only 7.14%. Among the five dimensions, industrial economic development had the largest weight (0.408 7), whereas rural governance was the main bottleneck. The development levels of Southern Jiangsu, Central Jiangsu, and Northern Jiangsu decreased in sequence but with narrowing gaps, and each region exhibited differentiated characteristics in terms of industries, public services, and ecology. The study further summarized seven types of construction models, and put forward suggestions from the aspects of urban-rural coordination, industrial quality improvement, and rural customs cultivation, in order to provide theoretical and practical reference for similar regions in the country.

Optimization paths for rural talent team in Hainan Province from the perspective of rural revitalization

WANG Zheng-qi, WU Yang, JIN Dan

2026, 65(3):  241-247.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.037

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To better leverage the supporting role of rural talents in rural revitalization and resolve the difficulties in building the rural talent team, takeing the rural practical talents, the cadres of the two committees, the new type of professional farmers and other rural talents as the research objects, the actual situation of the rural talents team building in Hainan Province and the main difficulties were analyzed by using the questionnaire survey method and the in-depth interview method. The study found that there were some problems in the construction of the rural talent team in Hainan Province, such as the imperfect mechanism, the disconnection between education and ability of rural talent, the poor effect of talent cultivation, and the unbalanced structure of the rural talent team. Three targeted optimization pathways were proposed: first, strengthening Party leadership to promote rural talent team building through organizational revitalization; second, systematically improving institutional mechanisms to optimize policies, enhance organizational coordination, and empower organizations; third, establishing a precise closed-loop continuing education system to comprehensively upgrade rural talents' competencies.

Research on the spatial evolution characteristics and driving factors of rural settlements in Gannan region from the perspective of landscape pattern

RUAN Wen-xiu, ZHANG Xiao-ping, LYU Le-le

2026, 65(3):  248-256.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.03.038

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In order to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and driving logic of rural settlements in typical mountainous and hilly areas under the background of rural revitalization, this study took the Gannan region as the research object. It comprehensively applied the landscape pattern index, average nearest neighbor analysis, binary Logistic regression model, and optimal parameter geographic detector (OPGD) to systematically analyze the spatial evolution characteristics of rural settlements and their multi-scale driving factors from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the development of rural settlements presented a trend of evolution from dispersed micro-settlements to larger-scale settlements, forming a pattern where micro-settlements continuously shrank, small and medium-sized settlements remained relatively stable, and large settlements expanded significantly. Regarding dynamic changes, the overall development mode of rural settlements in the Gannan region tended to shift towards large settlements, with the development direction expanding from west to east. The area of high-aggregation regions continued to expand, and the morphological structure evolved towards irregularity. The driving mechanism mainly transitioned from being dominated by regional human-land relationships to being dominated by socio-economic backgrounds. The interactions among various driving factors were mainly manifested as nonlinear enhancement effects and two-factor synergistic enhancement effects. Among them, slope was the main factor affecting settlement distribution, while climate, transportation, and population density factors had significant interactive effects on the spatial evolution of settlements. This reflected that rural settlements in the Gannan region had obvious regional differentiation characteristics. It was necessary to implement a spatial governance strategy of "hierarchical classification and zonal guidance", strengthen the support of the transportation network, and promote the construction of terrain-adaptive settlements to optimize the rural settlement pattern and promote high-quality development in the Gannan region.