Table of Content

25 June 2026, Volume 65 Issue 6

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Breeding & Cultivation

Analysis of high yield and rice quality of ratooning rice varieties in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River

LI Yang, TIAN Mao-tao, ZHANG Zuo-lin, WANG Ben-fu, ZHANG Zhi-sheng, XIE Yi, CHENG Jian-ping

2026, 65(6):  1-8.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.001

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A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield performance and rice quality of 15 two-line hybrid rice varieties and 15 three-line hybrid rice varieties in the main season and ratoon season, in order to clarify the high yield law and screen high yield and high quality varieties suitable for the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The results showed that the yield of the two-line hybrid rice was 2.2% and 10.1% higher than that of the three-line hybrid rice in the main season and the ratoon season, respectively. The significant negative correlation between the 1 000-grain weight and the effective panicles of the ratoon season might be an important reason for its lower yield. The yield of Yongyou 4949 was the highest (9.75 t/hm²) in the main season, and that of Weiliangyou 6018 was the highest (5.17 t/hm²) in the ratoon season. The varieties with higher annual yield than the control included Weiliangyou 6018, Yaliangyou Meixiangxinzhan, Yongyou 4949, Jingxiangyou 72, E Liangyou 36, and Weiliangyou 8612. Through the cluster analysis of annual yield, the varieties with annual high yield included Weiliangyou 6018, Yaliangyou Meixiangxinzhan and Yongyou 4949. The analysis of rice quality showed that the chalkiness degree and chalkiness grain rate of the main season rice were significantly higher than those of the ratoon season rice, which was an important factor limiting its quality. The chalkiness grain rate and chalkiness degree of the two-line hybrid rice varieties were slightly higher than those of the three-line hybrid rice varieties. Cluster analysis of rice quality showed that high-quality varieties included Chufengyou Yingxiangsimiao, Zhenliangyou Quanjingsimiao, Zhenliangyou Yingxiangsimiao, Quanyou 822, Longjingyou 4013, Shenliangyou Yuehesimiao, Y Liangyou 130, etc.

Screening of suitable varieties for ratooning rice in Hubei Province based on 52 high-quality indica hybrid rice

LI Chang-yan, WANG Jian-yu, HU Rong, ZHANG Zuo-lin, FU Dong, ZHOU Hao, TIAN Gui-sheng, YOU Ai-qing, CHEN Zhi-jun, ZHOU Lei

2026, 65(6):  9-13.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.002

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In order to screen the ratooning rice varieties suitable for the climate and mechanical harvesting mode in Hubei Province, 52 indica hybrid rice varieties mainly promoted in the Yangtze River Basin were used as materials, and Fengliangyouxiang 1 was used as the control. Field experiments were carried out in Wuxue City in 2024 to analyze the growth period, yield traits, regeneration ability and yield components of each variety. The results showed that the traits of the tested varieties were significantly different, and most of the growth periods were suitable for the light and temperature conditions in Hubei Province. The average yield of the main season rice was 8.25 t/hm², and 45 varieties/combinations increased yield compared with the control. The average yield of ratooning rice was 3.45 t/hm², and only 11 varieties/combinations were higher than the control. The average annual total yield was 11.70 t/hm², and the annual total yield of 33 varieties/combinations was higher than that of the control. Among them, Gongliangyou 892, Zhuyou 995 and Yongyou 4949 ranked the top three of the annual total yield, and Yongyou 4949 had a balanced yield performance in the two seasons. In terms of yield composition, the core determinant of the main season rice was the number of spikelets per panicle, and the core determinant of the ratooning season rice was the number of effective panicles. The increase of the number of effective panicles in the ratooning season rice was likely to lead to a decrease in seed setting rate. The selected varieties/combinations such as Gongliangyou 892 provided material support and a theoretical basis for the layout and breeding of ratoon rice varieties in Hubei Province.

Heterosis and correlation analysis of high-yield hybrid cotton varieties Gang 0996 and Gangzamian 10 F₁

YAN Zhen-hua, LUO Zhen, DAI Bao-sheng, ZHAO Shu-qi, HE Tao, ZHANG Hua-chong, HUANG Xiao-li, ZHANG Xin, LI Wei

2026, 65(6):  14-19.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.003

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To elucidate the heterosis mechanism of high-yield hybrid cotton varieties Gang 0996 and Gangzamian 10, experiments were conducted using these two hybrids and their parental lines. By comparing their differences in yield traits, agronomic traits, fiber quality, and related traits of subtending leaves of cotton bolls with their parents, the heterosis was systematically evaluated. Combined with correlation analysis, the main morphological factors affecting high yield in hybrid cotton were explored. The results showed that the heterosis rates of total subtending leaf area, subtending leaf area of opened bolls, and average boll leaf area of Gangzamian 10 reached 12.14%, 9.74%, and 9.42%, respectively, with an over-parent heterosis rate of 3.19% for total subtending leaf area. During the whole cotton boll development stage, the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value) in subtending leaves of cotton bolls of the two hybrids remained at a high level continuously. In terms of yield, the heterosis rates of seed cotton yield for Gang 0996 and Gangzamian 10 were 19.50% and 19.99%, respectively, with over-parent heterosis rates both exceeding 17%, and the heterosis rates of lint yield were 19.52% and 24.76%, respectively. For fiber quality, the heterosis rate of breaking strength of Gangzamian 10 was 9.00%, with an over-parent heterosis rate of 6.60%. Coefficient of variation analysis indicated that the two hybrids exhibited relatively large variations in traits such as total subtending leaf area, lint yield, and seed cotton yield. Correlation analysis demonstrated that seed cotton yield was significantly positively correlated with single boll weight and fiber uniformity index, and extremely significantly negatively correlated with growth period. This study revealed that the two high-yield hybrid cotton varieties achieved high yield and superior quality through the synergistic advantages of optimized leaf area, photosynthetic performance, yield components, and fiber quality.

Effects of seaweed extract combined with liquid fertilizer on growth and yield of dryland maize

ZHANG Chao-yi, JI Yuan, DIAO Hong-xia, SONG Hai-mei

2026, 65(6):  20-25.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.004

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To promote the upgrading, popularization and application of water-fertilizer integrated fertilization schemes, a field experiment was conducted using spring maize (Zea mays L.) variety Dika 159 as the test material. Five treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design: CK (conventional liquid fertilizer), T1 (conventional liquid fertilizer + 18 L/hm² seaweed extract), T2 (conventional liquid fertilizer + 36 L/hm² seaweed extract), T3 (conventional liquid fertilizer + 54 L/hm² seaweed extract), and T4 (conventional liquid fertilizer + 72 L/hm² seaweed extract). Root indices, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll relative content (SPAD value), grain yield and its components were measured. The results showed that T3 performed the best in root parameters. Compared with CK, total root length, total root surface area and total root volume under T3 were significantly increased by 217.83%, 123.91% and 68.65%, respectively. For plant growth, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and SPAD value in T3 were improved by 7.09%, 4.33%, 6.13% and 8.36%, respectively, relative to CK. In terms of yield, T3 significantly increased grain yield by 13.16% and achieved the highest economic benefit with a 26.60% increase in net income compared with CK. In conclusion, the combined application of conventional liquid fertilizer and seaweed extract could significantly promote root development and plant growth of dryland maize, and ultimately enhance grain yield and economic benefits. The optimal application rate was 54 L/hm² of seaweed extract.

Optimization of strip intercropping patterns and variety screening for soybean and maize in the Jianghan Plain

MA Sheng-feng, HE Li-li, CHI Li-jun, TIAN Ping-ping, LI Xian-mei, SUN Yong-sheng, XIONG Ting, ZHOU Deng-wen

2026, 65(6):  26-30.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.005

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To screen the high-efficiency mode and excellent variety combination suitable for soybean-maize strip compound planting in the Jianghan Plain, so as to alleviate the land competition between grain and soybean crops, a split-plot field experiment was conducted in Gong’an County, Hubei Province in 2024. Three planting patterns were arranged in the main plots: M1 (4 rows of maize + 7 rows of soybean, with a strip width of 480 cm), M2 (4 rows of maize + 6 rows of soybean, with a strip width of 450 cm), and M3 (2 rows of maize + 4 rows of soybean, with a strip width of 250 cm). Nine maize-soybean variety combinations were assigned to the subplots. The results showed that the main effects of planting pattern and variety combination on soybean yield and system benefit indexes were significant (P<0.05) or extremely significant (P<0.01), and the interaction between the two was not significant (P>0.05). The main effect analysis showed that the soybean yield, total output value, net profit and land equivalent ratio of M1 were significantly better than those of M2 and M3, and its net profit was more than twice that of maize or soybean monoculture. The combination of maize variety Kangnongyu 8009 and soybean varieties Zhongdou 63 or Nannong 60 had better comprehensive performance in all combinations, and its system yield, total output value and land equivalent ratio were significantly higher than those of most other combinations. Based on comprehensive comparison of all treatments, pattern M1 combined with ‘Kangnongyu 8009 + Zhongdou 63’ or ‘Kangnongyu 8009 + Nannong 60’ performed optimally, with total output values reaching 24 211 yuan/hm² and 24 209 yuan/hm², respectively. In addition, this pattern showed good adaptability to mechanized operation. Therefore, these two combinations are recommended as the dominant models for soybean-maize strip intercropping in the Jianghan Plain region.

Resource & Environment

Research progress on the application of green manure rape in agricultural production in China

XIE Lin, YANG Ci, SHI Ni-ai, YIN Qiu-ling, WANG Yu-ning, LI Zhong-yi, LU Ju-rong, DING Cheng-quan

2026, 65(6):  31-37.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.006

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Green manure rape (Brassica napus L.) serves as a clean organic fertilizer source. It plays a vital role in improving soil fertility, ameliorating soil structure and optimizing soil biological properties, and can strongly support the endogenous promotion of soil health and the implementation of the strategy of green agricultural development. The decomposition characteristics and nutrient release patterns of returned green manure rape straw were systematically analyzed, and the regulatory effects of key factors including returning methods, soil environment, nitrogen fertilizer application and decomposer inoculants on its decomposition rate and dynamic nutrient release were clarified. The application modes and ecological effects of green manure rape in five typical agricultural scenarios in China, namely paddy fields, dry farmlands, orchards and tea gardens, saline-alkali lands, and heavy metal contaminated farmlands, were comprehensively summarized. Meanwhile, the prospects for the research and application of green manure rape were proposed from three aspects: the analysis of microbial driving mechanisms, multi-objective collaborative scenario application, and the construction of popularization and service systems, aiming to provide theoretical support and technical reference for the high-quality and green development of agriculture in China.

Analysis of bacterial community structure and diversity in Termitomyces albuminosus Heim combs and their surrounding soil

SU Li, YANG Heng, YU Ping

2026, 65(6):  38-43.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.007

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In order to understand the symbiotic relationship between Termitomyces albuminosus Heim and other microorganisms, metagenomic sequencing was performed on the fungal combs of Termitomyces albuminosus and their surrounding soils collected from the Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province using the Illumina Novaseq sequencing platform, and the bacterial community structure and diversity of Termitomyces albuminosus Heim combs and their surrounding soil were studied by bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that at the phylum level, the dominant bacterial communities were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi. At the class level, Alphaproteobacteria was predominant, with a higher abundance in middle-layer soil samples of surrounding soils than in other samples. The relative abundances of Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria in nest cavity walls were also significantly higher than those in other samples. Alpha diversity results indicated that bacterial diversity in nest cavity walls and comb soils was lower than that in surrounding soils. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that latitude and altitude exerted the greatest effects on soil microbial community structure. The contribution rates of environmental factors in descending order were latitude, altitude, longitude, and pH.

Suitability zoning of single cropping rice planting in Sichuan Province based on maximum entropy（MaxEnt） model

ZOU Yu-jia, PU Chang-lin, ZHANG Yu-fang

2026, 65(6):  44-51.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.008

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To provide a basis for the development layout and structural adjustment of the rice industry in Sichuan Province, the suitability distribution of single cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) production was simulated using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) based on geographic information and relevant environmental variables of single cropping rice production in Sichuan Province, the main ecological factors affecting its production were identified, and the model accuracy with ROC curves was verified. The results showed that the model evaluation accuracy AUC was 0.931, indicating high simulation accuracy and reliable results. The dominant meteorological factors affecting single cropping rice production in Sichuan Province included minimum temperature in June, average temperature in September, annual average temperature, precipitation in September, annual precipitation, precipitation in July, and annual sunshine hours, and the dominant topographic factors were altitude and slope. Single cropping rice production in Sichuan Province was mainly distributed in the Sichuan Basin and Panxi region. The areas of marginally suitable, suitable, and most suitable regions were 90 268.84 km², 42 507.84 km², and 2.14 km², respectively. The most suitable and suitable regions were mainly located in the western, southeastern, and northeastern parts of the Sichuan Basin, as well as the Jinsha River and Anning River Basins in the Panxi region. The unsuitable region covered 354 021.06 km², primarily distributed in the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture on the Northwest Sichuan Plateau, as well as parts of the Southwest Sichuan Mountainous Areas and the mountainous areas surrounding the basin. The zoning results of single cropping rice production suitability were consistent with the distribution of per-unit yield.

Soil nutrient characteristics and comprehensive fertility evaluation of coffee orchards in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province

LYU Yu, XIANG Yun-gang, WANG Wei, HOU Ming-xing, ZI Chun-guang, HUANG Qian-rui

2026, 65(6):  52-58.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.009

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To provide scientific guidance for precise soil nutrient management and coffee quality improvement in coffee orchards of Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, the soil nutrient contents in local coffee orchards were systematically evaluated by the comprehensive soil fertility index method. Soil samples were collected from five typical coffee planting areas in Baoshan City, and soil indicators including pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, manganese, zinc and copper contents were determined. The comprehensive index of soil fertility was calculated by the membership function model to comprehensively assess the soil nutrient characteristics and fertility of coffee orchards in Baoshan City. The results showed that the soil of coffee orchards in Baoshan City was generally acidic, with pH of 4.30-7.02 and an average value of 5.47. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, manganese, zinc and copper were 26.50-61.80 g/kg, 0.63-2.51 g/kg, 0.19-1.96 g/kg, 21.80-41.90 g/kg, 241.00-2 550.00 mg/kg, 33.70-200.00 mg/kg and 8.94-57.20 mg/kg, with average values of 40.59 g/kg, 1.18 g/kg, 0.68 g/kg, 28.52 g/kg, 882.31 mg/kg, 87.58 mg/kg and 29.61 mg/kg, respectively. The average contents of all indicators met the suitable levels for coffee growth. The comprehensive index of soil fertility of coffee orchards in Baoshan City was 0.21-0.67, with an average of 0.44. According to the comprehensive evaluation criteria of soil fertility, the soil fertility was classified as Grade Ⅲ, belonging to the medium level on the whole. It was recommended to reasonably increase the application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the basis of increasing organic fertilizer input. Meanwhile, the input of trace elements such as manganese, zinc and copper in soil should be appropriately controlled. The above measures could effectively maintain high yield and high-quality production of coffee in Baoshan City, and support the quality improvement, efficiency enhancement and green sustainable development of the local coffee industry.

Research and development of two-stage fermentation compound microbial fertilizer and its application in green production of facility vegetables

QI Chuan-dong, XU Zhi-chao, XU Cong, WU Jin-ping

2026, 65(6):  59-63.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.010

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To address the problems of high raw material cost, complex process and limited application by small and medium-sized farmers in the production of traditional EM(effective microorganisms) agent, a two-stage fermentation preparation technology of compound microbial fertilizer was developed in combination with the concept of agricultural waste resource utilization. Using deep well water, waste molasses and sugar residue as the main raw materials, the “pre-fermentation + expanded fermentation” process was adopted, and the EM agent gradient expansion culture technology was used to achieve high-density proliferation of the microbial community.The results showed that compared with the traditional brown sugar fermentation process, this process required no high-temperature sterilization, reduced equipment investment by 60%, lowered raw material cost by 66.47%, and achieved a fermentation success rate of 100%. Field experiments showed that compound microbial fertilizer significantly improved soil organic matter utilization rate and the bioavailability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Compared with the conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, vegetable root biomass, average yield and vitamin C content increased by 35.0%, 27.4% and 16.2%, respectively, while nitrate content, incidence of soil-borne diseases and chemical pesticide use decreased by 39.5%, 66.3% and 45.2%, respectively. This technology was easy to operate and low in cost, and achieved the dual goals of agricultural waste resource utilization and green production of facility vegetables.

Effects of soil pH on chemical composition of cigar tobacco leaves and rhizosphere bacterial diversity and metabolites

LI Xuan-xuan, CHEN Li-han, WU Zhe-kuan, YU Zhen, YANG Yan-hua, FU Qing-ling, RAO Xiong-fei

2026, 65(6):  64-71.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.011

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To clarify the regulatory mechanism of soil pH on the quality formation of cigar tobacco leaves and rhizosphere microecology, a pot experiment was conducted using the cigar wrapper variety Chuxue 26, with soils of different natural pH values and pH gradients amended with quicklime. The effects of soil pH on tobacco plant agronomic traits, leaf chemical composition, rhizosphere metabolite profiles, and bacterial community structure were systematically analyzed. The results indicated that the soil pH range of 5.5-6.5 was suitable for the growth of cigar tobacco plants, under which plant height, number of effective leaves, and maximum leaf area were significantly superior to those under strongly acidic (pH 4.5) and strongly alkaline treatments (pH 8.1-8.5). Under the S3（pH 5.5） and S5(pH 6.5±0.15) treatments, the total potassium content of tobacco leaves was relatively high at 5.5% and 6.3%, respectively, representing significant increases of 205.6% and 250.0% compared with the S4(pH 4.5) treatment. Metabolomic analysis revealed that the optimal soil pH significantly promoted the accumulation of membrane lipid components such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and antioxidant substances, while significantly reducing the relative abundance of stress-responsive metabolites such as 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate. Microbial community analysis showed that under soil pH 5.5-6.5, rhizosphere bacterial alpha diversity was higher, and the rhizosphere soil was significantly enriched with potentially beneficial bacterial groups such as Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadota. In conclusion, maintaining a slightly acidic soil environment effectively alleviated acid stress and synergistically improved the agronomic traits and chemical quality of cigar wrapper leaves by remodeling rhizosphere metabolite profiles and optimizing bacterial community structure.

Comprehensive evaluation of the effects of organic bran fertilizers on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco in Qingyuan City based on the AHP-entropy weight TOPSIS model

LI Hong-xing, CHEN Jun, YAN Zhao, ZHANG Sheng-qiang, WANG Wei, HUANG Jia-jie, SHEN Li-zheng, CAI Yi-xia

2026, 65(6):  72-79.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.012

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To clarify the effects of different types of organic bran fertilizers on the yield, quality and economic benefit of flue-cured tobacco in Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province, and to screen suitable high-quality organic fertilizer substitution schemes for this region, Yueyan 97 was used as the test variety, and five treatments were set: conventional commercial fertilizer (CK), sesame bran fertilizer (T1), peanut bran fertilizer (T2), rapeseed bran fertilizer (T3) and soybean bran fertilizer (T4). The agronomic traits, economic traits, chemical composition, sensory quality and appearance quality indicators of flue-cured tobacco were systematically determined, and the AHP-entropy weight TOPSIS model was constructed for multi-indicator comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that T1 performed best in plant height and leaf number at the mature stage; T2 had the highest yield of 2 966.19 kg/hm², which was significantly increased by 9.98% compared with CK; T1 achieved the best economic benefit with an output value of 96 611.69 yuan/hm², which was significantly increased by 20.90% compared with CK; the proportion of superior tobacco leaves in T1 was significantly increased by 20.23% compared with CK. In terms of chemical composition, T2 had a higher nicotine content, while T1 exhibited a higher sugar-nicotine ratio. Sensory evaluation indicated that sesame bran fertilizer performed outstandingly in improving the aroma quality and appearance quality of upper leaves as well as the aroma quality and aroma quantity of middle leaves of flue-cured tobacco. According to the comprehensive AHP-entropy weight TOPSIS evaluation results, the ranking of each treatment was T1>T2>T4>CK>T3. In conclusion, sesame bran fertilizer and peanut bran fertilizer could improve the yield, quality and sensory style of flue-cured tobacco in Qingyuan City, among which sesame bran fertilizer had the best comprehensive performance and could be recommended as the preferred organic fertilizer for substituting chemical fertilizer in this tobacco-growing area.

Evaluation and distribution characteristics of soil heavy metal pollution in a coal-grain overlapped area of western Henan

ZHANG Man-man, ZHAO Lei, TAN Min, LI Hong-chao, MU Bao-sheng

2026, 65(6):  80-86.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.013

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To investigate the pollution characteristics and spatial distribution patterns of heavy metals in soils of a coal-grain overlapped area in western Henan, this study selected the surroundings of a mining area in the central-western part of Xin’an County as the research area. A total of 13 surface soil sampling sites were established using the sector sampling method, and the concentrations of six heavy metals, As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The pollution levels of heavy metals were systematically evaluated and their spatial distribution characteristics were analyzed using the geoaccumulation index method, Pearson correlation analysis, and cluster analysis. The results showed that the soil pH in the study area ranged from 5.8 to 7.3, indicating weakly acidic to neutral conditions; except for sampling sites 12 and 13, the Zn concentrations at all other sites exceeded the background values of soil elements in Henan Province. The geoaccumulation index evaluation indicated that the pollution levels of As, Cd and Cr were unpolluted, the pollution levels of Zn and Cu ranged from unpolluted to slightly polluted, and the pollution level of Pb ranged from slightly polluted to moderately polluted. Correlation analysis revealed that Pb and Zn, as well as Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd, exhibited highly significant and strong positive correlations (P<0.01), whereas As showed weak correlations with other heavy metal elements. Cluster analysis classified the six heavy metals into three categories: Category Ⅰ(Pb and Zn), Category Ⅱ(Cu, Cr, and Cd), and Category Ⅲ(As). Spatially, the concentrations of As and Cd exhibited a decreasing trend from southwest to northeast, with high-value areas concentrated in coal gangue storage zones, the concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr displayed a patchy distribution pattern, generally decreasing from southwest to northeast, and the localized enrichment of Zn might have been associated with transportation activities and coal gangue stacking.

Plant Protection

Efficacy of 5% metaldehyde granules on Pomacea canaliculata control and seedling protection in rice-crayfish fields

WANG Miao-miao, YANG Jian, SUN Xiao, TIAN Mao-tao, JING Da-qian, YANG Cheng, WANG Ben-fu, CHENG Jian-ping, ZHANG Zhi-sheng

2026, 65(6):  87-92.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.014

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To evaluate the control efficacy of 5% metaldehyde granules against the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) and their protective effect on rice seedlings under the rice-crayfish co-culture system, a field experiment was conducted in rice-crayfish fields in Qianjiang City, Hubei Province. The treatments were set as follows：7.50 kg/hm² of 6% metaldehyde granules (T1), 5% metaldehyde granules at doses of 4.50, 6.75, and 9.00 kg/hm² (T2, T3, T4), and a non-treated blank control (CK). Snail mortality, the number of egg masses, and rice seedling loss rate were investigated at 1, 2, 7, and 14 days after application. The control efficacy and seedling protection rate were calculated accordingly. By 14 days after application, snail mortality in all metaldehyde-treated plots exceeded 80%. Compared with the T1 treatment, the mortality rates in T2, T3, and T4 treatments were significantly increased by 71.11%, 86.67%, and 95.56%, respectively, at 1 day after application. All treatments with 5% metaldehyde granules were significantly more effective than the 6% metaldehyde granule treatment in suppressing egg mass numbers and reducing rice seedling loss. Notably, the control efficacy of the T3 treatment reached 94.78% and 99.12% at 7 and 14 days after application, respectively. Considering both control efficacy and environmental impact, an application rate of 5% metaldehyde granules ranging from 4.50 to 6.75 kg/hm² was recommended for the management of the golden apple snail.

Sporulation characteristics of Bipolaris oryzae causing sesame leaf spot on Zizania latifolia

LI Qin, WANG Xian-long, ZHANG Xue, QIN Zhang-hui, YIN Hong-qing, WANG Ming-hong

2026, 65(6):  93-97.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.015

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To investigate the biological characteristics of Bipolaris oryzae and screen methods for rapid and massive conidium production on artificial media, forty-three strains of the pathogen causing sesame leaf spot on Zizania latifolia were used as experimental materials. The colony growth diameter under different media and light durations was measured using the cross method, and conidial yield under different media, light durations, and mycelial damage conditions was determined using a hemocytometer. The results showed that the optimal medium for mycelial growth was V8, with a growth rate of 0.75 cm/d, followed by PDA medium. Light duration had no significant effect on mycelial growth. The optimal medium for conidium production was Zizania latifolia stem juice agar (WA+WBS), yielding 2.07×10⁵ conidia/mL after 10 days of culture. Under mycelial damage conditions, the conidial yield reached 1.213×10⁶ conidia/mL after 20 days of culture. Light significantly affected conidium production, with the optimal condition being an alternating 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle. Therefore, selecting an appropriate medium promoted mycelial growth and conidium production, offered the advantages of rapid sporulation and high yield, and was a suitable method for inducing conidium production in the Zizania latifolia sesame leaf spot pathogen.

Identification of the quarantine pest Prostephanus truncatus and its closely related species

YE Yun, XU Xue, WANG Xin-yue, WANG Qin, LI Qiao, WANG Zhen-hua

2026, 65(6):  98-103.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.016

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Prostephanus truncatus (Horn, 1878) is a quarantine pest in the list of quarantine pests for imported plants of the People’s Republic of China, and no domestic distribution has been recorded in China yet. The taxonomic status, geographical distribution, host range, life history, damage characteristics and invasion risk of Prostephanus truncatus were systematically summarized. The morphological identification characteristics of adults, larvae, pupae and eggs were clarified, and a key to the related species of Prostephanus was compiled. A molecular identification system based on PCR amplification and sequence analysis of COⅠ gene was established. Morphological method was suitable for rapid on-site screening at ports, while molecular identification based on COⅠ gene could accurately distinguish incomplete specimens and related species. The combination of the two methods could form a complete and reliable identification system, which provided technical support for the quarantine, monitoring, early warning and control of Prostephanus truncatus.

Horticulture & Local Products

Establishment of shoot tip virus-free culture system and detection of virus elimination rate in Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.

WANG Chun-li, GONG He, CAI Ruo-wei, YAN Dan-kai, TANG Ye-gang

2026, 65(6):  104-110.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.017

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This experiment took the tuber seedlings of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. Wanlou 9, Wanlou 17 and Wanlou 20 as materials to study the establishment of a shoot tip virus-free culture system for Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim., and evaluated the types of viral infection and the virus elimination effect of shoot tip culture on Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. in Wuhan area. The results showed that the optimal disinfection method for explants was treatment with 0.1% mercuric chloride solution for 5 minutes, with a survival rate of 71.1% and a contamination rate of 0. MS was the optimal basic medium for the primary culture of shoot tips, and the best hormone combination was MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.2 mg/L NAA. After 30 days of subculture for proliferation of adventitious buds on the medium of MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.1 mg/L NAA + 0.1 mg/L KT, the average bud proliferation coefficient reached 7.97. The test-tube plantlets achieved the highest rooting rate of 86.7% on the MS medium supplemented with 0.6 mg/L IBA. The field virus-carrying rates of Cucurbit mild mottle mosaic virus (CuMMV) in Wanlou 9 and Wanlou 17 were 76% and 61%, respectively; after shoot tip virus-free culture, the virus-carrying rate of both cultivars decreased to 0, with a virus elimination rate of 100%. The field virus-carrying rates of Zucchini green mottle mosaic virus (ZGMMV) in Wanlou 9 and Wanlou 17 were 88% and 87%, respectively; after virus elimination via shoot tip culture, the virus-carrying rates dropped to 0 and 4%, with the virus elimination rates reaching 100% and 96%, respectively. In conclusion, this study successfully established a rapid propagation and virus-free system for Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim based on micro-shoot tip culture.

Effect of melatonin on alleviating drought stress in peony seedlings

SUN Yan, WEN Chao, YAN Dan, WANG Jin-hua, LI Li-na, ZHANG Guang-jie

2026, 65(6):  111-116.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.018

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To clarify the regulatory effects of exogenous melatonin on the growth and physiology of Paeonia lactiflora seedlings under drought stress, this study employed a two-factor experimental design combining water treatments (normal irrigation and drought stress) with varying melatonin concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L). ANOVA results indicated that water treatment significantly influenced growth indices, water status, photosynthetic parameters, and oxidative stress-related indicators (P<0.01). Melatonin concentration also exhibited highly significant effects on most parameters (P<0.01). Additionally, a significant interaction between the two factors (P<0.05 or P<0.01) was observed, suggesting that melatonin's regulatory effects strongly depended on water conditions. Drought stress significantly inhibited plant height and leaf area, reduced leaf relative water content and maximum PSII photochemical efficiency, and induced electrolyte leakage and reactive oxygen species accumulation. Exogenous melatonin application significantly alleviated these adverse effects. Among the treatments, the 100 μmol/L concentration demonstrated the optimal comprehensive effect in promoting growth recovery, enhancing net photosynthetic rate and Fv/Fm, reducing malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species content, and increasing superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. Under normal irrigation conditions, most parameters showed no significant differences among melatonin treatments. In summary, exogenous melatonin significantly regulated Paeonia lactiflora seedlings under drought conditions, with its alleviative effects exhibiting clear concentration and context dependencies.

Impacts of thinning management regimes on stand growth and soil physicochemical properties of Magnolia sumatrana

LI Da-hua, LIANG Da-yi, FENG Chun-sheng, ZENG Li, YANG Mei, LUO Hua-long, WEI Guo-yu

2026, 65(6):  117-123.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.019

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To investigate the effects of different management models on the growth of Magnolia sumatrana plantations and the soil physicochemical properties, this study established three treatments: target tree management (T1), traditional thinning management (T2), and no thinning (CK). Tree diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height increment, and soil physicochemical indicators were measured. The results showed that, the growth increments of diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, individual tree volume, and stand volume under T1 and T2 treatments were all higher than those under the CK treatment, with T2 significantly exceeding CK. Except for soil bulk density, total porosity, capillary porosity, capillary moisture capacity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium contents all decreased with increasing soil depth. The T1 treatment showed the lowest bulk density and higher contents of organic carbon and total phosphorus. It also exhibited superior performance in total porosity, capillary porosity, capillary moisture capacity, total nitrogen, and total potassium, indicating better water retention and fertility. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between DBH and tree height growth(P<0.05), and a highly significant positive correlation between DBH growth and organic carbon(P<0.01). Tree height growth was significantly negatively correlated with bulk density and total nitrogen(P<0.05), and highly significantly positively correlated with organic carbon and total phosphorus(P<0.01). The stand volume growth was significantly positively correlated with soil organic carbon(P<0.05). Principal component analysis further confirmed the superiority of the T1 treatment in terms of overall soil quality. The comprehensive evaluation scores of soil quality indicators were T1>T2>CK. In conclusion, target tree management could effectively improve the soil ecological environment and promote the growth of Magnolia sumatrana, making it a preferred strategy for high-quality cultivation and sustainable management of plantations.

Effects of spawn application rate on yield and agronomic traits of Stropharia rugosoannulata

YU Xiao-hong, LAI Chong-jian, LI Wei-wei, CAI Lin, CHEN Nai-jian, WU Hong-ying

2026, 65(6):  124-127.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.020

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To investigate the effects of different spawn application rates on the yield and agronomic traits of Stropharia rugosoannulata, three spawn application rates were established: D1 (0.8 kg/m²), D2 (1.6 kg/m²), and D3 (2.4 kg/m²). The objective was to determine the effects of different spawn application rates on yield and agronomic traits, as well as the differences in agronomic traits of fruiting bodies among different flushes. The results showed that different spawn application rates affected the fruiting time and fruiting cycle of Stropharia rugosoannulata. Under higher spawn application rates, the fruiting time was shorter, while the fruiting cycle was longer. Specifically, treatment D1 had the longest fruiting time of 60 d and the shortest fruiting cycle of 54 d, whereas treatment D3 had the shortest fruiting time of 43 d and the longest fruiting cycle of 72 d. The yield of Stropharia rugosoannulata increased with increasing spawn application rate. The total yields of the D2 and D3 treatments were significantly higher than that of the D1 treatment, whereas no significant difference was observed between the D2 and D3 treatments. In all three treatments, the second flush accounted for the highest proportion of yield, ranging from 44.28% to 52.79%. With the increase in flush number, the proportion of low-value mushrooms (individual weight < 20 g) increased from 8.30%-26.06% in the first flush to 69.52%-76.54% in the third flush. In terms of agronomic traits, no significant differences were observed among different spawn application rates in individual mushroom weight, fruiting body length, stipe length, stipe diameter, or pileus diameter. However, the mushroom shape index differed significantly, with D1 being significantly higher than D2 and D3. Regarding the coefficients of variation of fruiting body agronomic traits, individual mushroom weight showed the largest coefficient of variation, with an overall value of 72.51%, whereas the mushroom shape index showed the smallest coefficient of variation, at 28.65%. The coefficients of variation for fruiting body length, stipe length, stipe diameter, and pileus diameter ranged from 29.69% to 33.29%. Overall, the fruiting body traits of the first flush under the D3 treatment performed best, with fruiting body length, stipe length, and pileus diameter.

Medicinal Plant

Relationship between leaf flavonoid content and soil nutrient stoichiometry across different ages of leaf-used Ginkgo biloba L.

DUAN Yuan-yuan, WANG Fan-fan, TANG Tao, GUO Jie, WANG Xiao-yue, ZHOU Wu-xian, YOU Jing-mao

2026, 65(6):  128-132.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.021

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Leaf-used Ginkgo biloba L. across different growth ages in Enshi, Hubei Province was used as the research material. One-way analysis of variance was performed to examine variations in leaf flavonoid contents, and redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted to determine the dominant soil nutrient drivers of flavonoid accumulation. The results showed that the contents of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and total flavonol glycosides in Ginkgo biloba leaves across different growth years ranged from 0.21% to 0.33%, 0.22% to 0.33%, 0.020% to 0.033% and 1.15% to 1.59%, respectively. Four-year-old Ginkgo biloba trees exhibited the highest soil nutrient contents. The stoichiometric ratios of C∶N, C∶P, and N∶P in soils under different ages of Ginkgo biloba ranged from 6.99 to 8.30, 13.24 to 29.60, and 1.67 to 3.57, respectively. RDA indicated that soil total nitrogen and organic matter were the dominant factors affecting flavonoid contents. The growth of Ginkgo biloba was limited by nitrogen availability, and appropriate nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in artificial cultivation.

Application of AI combined with high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint in the identification of Radix Fici Hirtae

LI Hong-qin, LIU Ming-chuan, WANG Fei-fei, LIU Rui

2026, 65(6):  133-139.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.022

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To address the issues of the continuous emergence of adulterants in the Radix Fici Hirtae market and the subjectivity and experience dependence of traditional identification methods, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting was combined with artificial intelligence (AI) technology. Samples of Radix Fici Hirtae and its adulterants were collected, and their HPLC fingerprints were established. An improved YOLO11 algorithm was introduced into the analysis of traditional Chinese medicine fingerprints, enabling automatic and accurate recognition of characteristic chromatographic peaks and learning of their multi-dimensional morphological features. Consequently, an end-to-end intelligent identification model was established, ranging from raw chromatograms to authenticity discrimination. The results demonstrated that the constructed YOLO11 identification model was feasible, achieving an accuracy of 99.19%, recall of 100.00%, precision of 98.25%, specificity of 98.53%, and an F1 score of 99.12%. These metrics indicated that the model achieved an optimal balance between precision and comprehensiveness, and could accurately distinguish Radix Fici Hirtae from non-Radix Fici Hirtae samples.

Effects of different seedling raising methods on agronomic traits and physiological and biochemical indicators of Prunella vulgaris seedlings

FAN Jing-chao, WANG Kai, YANG Cheng-long, SHI Bei-bei, WANG Xiao-wei, LIU Guang-hui, WANG Li

2026, 65(6):  140-145.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.023

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To investigate the effects of different seedling raising methods on Prunella vulgaris L., four methods were compared: Traditional open-field seedling raising, plug seedling raising with plastic film isolation, plug seedling raising with direct soil contact, and flat tray seedling raising. The influences of these methods on seedling morphology, agronomic traits, and physiological and biochemical indicators of Prunella vulgaris, as well as the correlations among these indicators, were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that among the four seedling raising methods, the two plug seedling raising methods exhibited the best root development. Their root length and root volume were 1.80 times and 2.50 times those of traditional open-field seedling raising, respectively. The roots were closely bound to the substrate, which was conducive to seedling establishment and transplanting. In terms of physiological metabolism, the two plug seedling raising methods significantly promoted the accumulation of soluble sugars. Specifically, the leaf soluble sugar content under plug seedling raising with plastic film isolation was 1.30 times that of traditional open-field seedling raising. The total content of the three photosynthetic pigments was the highest in traditional open-field seedling raising [(0.695±0.039) mg/g], followed by the two plug seedling raising methods [(0.563±0.042) mg/g and (0.614±0.008) mg/g], and was the lowest in flat tray seedling raising. It could be concluded that plug seedling raising had obvious advantages in promoting root system construction and carbohydrate accumulation in Prunella vulgaris, and was suitable for standardized seedling production. Although traditional seedling raising had a higher photosynthetic pigment content, it was only suitable for small-scale cultivation. Flat tray seedling raising resulted in poor overall growth and was therefore not recommended for production applications.

Synergistic effect of log degradation and fruiting rate in wild-simulated cultivation of Tremella aurantialba under different cut logs

MA Bu-ping, CHEN Tao, LIAO Dong-yun

2026, 65(6):  146-153.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.024

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To investigate the synergistic effects of different cut-log types and inoculation dosages on log degradation and fruiting performance of Tremella aurantialba in wild-simulated cultivation, Juglans regia, Quercus glauca, and Betula platyphylla logs were used as substrates, and three inoculation dosages (low, medium, high) were applied. The microclimate conditions of the cut-log forests, the initial chemical composition of the logs, degradation indicators (dry weight loss rate, lignin and cellulose degradation rates, peak laccase activity), and fruiting performance (fruiting rate, biological efficiency, average fresh weight per fruiting body) were systematically analyzed. The results showed that there were significant interactions between cut-log type and inoculation dosage. The Juglans regia forest had the highest canopy density (85.5%) and air humidity (88.5%), with a relatively high lignin content (24.8%) in its logs; when combined with a medium inoculation dosage, it achieved the optimal fruiting rate (92.3%) and biological efficiency (22.8%). The Quercus glauca forest had the lowest canopy density (77.5%), with the lowest lignin content (22.5%) and the highest cellulose content (46.2%) in its logs; it produced a relatively high yield even at a low inoculation dosage (fruiting rate 85.7%, biological efficiency 18.5%), demonstrating obvious cost-effectiveness. The Betula platyphylla forest had intermediate environmental factors but the highest lignin content (25.1%) in its logs; a high inoculation dosage was required to overcome the substrate limitation, with the fruiting rate increasing from 55.6% (low dosage) to 88.9% (high dosage). Degradation pattern analysis indicated that Betula platyphylla exhibited typical lignin-priority degradation (lignin/cellulose degradation ratio >2), Quercus glauca showed co-degradation (lignin/cellulose degradation ratio≈1), and Juglans regia was intermediate (lignin/cellulose degradation ratio: 1.49-1.52). In conclusion, different cut-log types influenced cultivation performance through the dual pathways of microclimate and substrate characteristics; inoculation dosage could be used as a key measure to regulate degradation pattern and yield. A medium dosage for Juglans regia, a low dosage for Quercus glauca, and a high dosage for Betula platyphylla were the optimal cultivation strategies for each log type.

Aquatic Products

Effects of photovoltaic fishery breeding mode on the growth performance and muscle quality of Procambarus clarkii

ZHANG Sheng-yu, ZHANG Meng-hua, HUANG Yu-zhou, TAN Bing-jun, YANG Wen-bo, PENG Jun-lin, LIU Shi-yu, TONG Bo-yang, ZOU Wen, YUAN Yong-chao

2026, 65(6):  154-161.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.025

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This study conducted a comparative analysis of the growth performance and muscle quality of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) under the photovoltaic fishery breeding mode (PM) and the conventional pond culture mode (CM). Juvenile crayfish with an initial body weight of (5.50±0.55) g were selected as the research subjects and were reared for 60 days in three photovoltaic ponds with a 70% shading rate (PM group) and three conventional ponds (CM group), respectively. The results showed that the final average body weight of crayfish in the PM group was significantly higher than that in the CM group (P<0.05). The crude lipid content in the muscle of the PM group was significantly higher than that in the CM group (P<0.05), while the crude ash content was significantly lower (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in the crude protein level between the two groups (P>0.05). The contents of tartaric acid and shikimic acid in the muscle were significantly higher in the PM group (P<0.05), whereas the citric acid content was extremely significantly higher in the CM group (P<0.01). The total fatty acids, total unsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and the n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio in the muscle of the PM group were all significantly higher than those in the CM group (P<0.05). Heavy metal contents (such as arsenic and cadmium) in the muscle of the PM group were below the national standard limits. In contrast, the contents of multiple heavy metals (including vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and thorium) in the muscle of the CM group were significantly higher than those in the PM group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the photovoltaic fishery breeding mode enhanced the growth performance of Procambarus clarkii, improved muscle nutritional components, and increased the muscle nutritional value.

Effects of microporous aeration combined with paddlewheel aerators on water quality and growth performance in high-density adult yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) culture ponds

SUN Meng-na, ZHOU Ye, ZHANG Zu-hao, GUO Wen-jie

2026, 65(6):  162-165.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.026

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Aiming to explore the practical application effect ofthe combined aeration mode of microporous aeration + impellerwheel aerators in high-density culture of adult Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). A pond experiment was conducted in 2024 at an aquaculture base of Huanggang Institute of Fisheries Science, Hubei Province in 2025. Two groups were set up: the control group (waterwheel aerators+paddlewheel aerators) and the experimental group(microporous aeration + impellerwheel aerators). Water quality indicators, growth performance of yellow catfish, and economic benefits of the two groups were systematically determined and compared under high-temperature and rainy weather conditions. The results showed that the experimental group could significantly increase the dissolved oxygen (DO) level in the bottom water. Under high-temperature weather, the bottom DO in the experimental group was about 42.3% higher than that in the control group, and the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite in the bottom water were significantly reduced (P<0.05). In terms of growth performance, the final average body weight and survival rate of yellow catfish in the experimentalwere significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Economic benefit analysis indicated that although the equipment purchase and operation costs of the experimental group were relatively high, its net profit was 85.3% higher than that of the control group, with an input-output ratio of 1.46, showing significant economic advantages. This study confirmed that the combined mode of microporous aeration + paddlewheel aerators could effectively solve the problem of bottom hypoxia in high-density yellow catfish culture, and provide a practical technical support for the green and efficient culture of yellow catfish.

Isolation, identification and immune response of the pathogen of Pelodiscus sinensis with head shaking disease

ZHANG Xin, CAI Xiu-hong, YANG Mo, YUE Shi-rui, CHEN Zhang-xuan

2026, 65(6):  166-173.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.027

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Head shaking disease posed a significant threat to the aquaculture of Pelodiscus sinensis, yet its etiology remained unclear. This study aimed to identify the pathogen and investigate the host’s immune response. The pathogenic bacteria were isolation from diseased turtles and verified via 16S rDNA sequencing, and Koch’s postulates. The results showed that Bacillus cereus was the causative agent. Challenge assays confirmed that B. cereus infection induced the characteristic head shaking behavior, hepatic and splenic hemorrhage, and mortality, with the bacterium stably isolated from succumb hosts. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the isolate was sensitive to cefixime and polymyxin B, but exhibited resistance to seven common antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, qPCR analysis revealed that 13 immune-related genes, particularly those associated with the complement system and interferon signaling pathways, were significantly up-regulated in the spleen tissue following infection. Gene regulatory network analysis suggested that a synergistic innate immune mechanism involving multiple pathways.

Storage & Processing

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction process for polysaccharides from Glehnia littoralis

LI Bei-bei, AN Ying, ZHOU Hong-lei, WU Zi-xuan, YU Ping, ZHAO He, LIU Ke-chun, ZHANG Xuan-ming, XIA Qing

2026, 65(6):  174-181.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.028

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To optimize the extraction process of Glehnia littoralis polysaccharides (GLP) and improve both extraction yield and bioactivity, ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction was employed. The effects of different enzyme preparations on extraction efficiency, polysaccharide composition, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, and in vitro gastric mucosal protective activity in gastric mucosal cells were systematically evaluated. Subsequently, single-factor experiments combined with Box-Behnken response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction parameters. The GLP was further purified using the Sevag method, and the contents of polysaccharides and proteins were determined. The results showed that pectinase extract exerted significant anti-inflammatory activity in the CuSO₄-induced zebrafish inflammation model, and obvious protective effects on human gastric mucosal GES-1 cells injured by MNNG and ethanol. In particular, its protective efficacy against ethanol-induced GES-1 cell damage was superior to other enzyme extracts. The optimal extraction condition for GLP was pectinase dosage of 0.44%, extraction time of 39 min, extraction temperature of 50 ℃, and solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶30（g∶mL）. Under this condition, the polysaccharide extraction yield reached 37.17%. After purification, the polysaccharide content of GLP was 60.8%, with a residual protein content of 0.243%. In conclusion, ultrasound-assisted pectinase extraction enabled efficient preparation of GLP, and the resulting polysaccharides exhibited pronounced anti-inflammatory and gastric mucosal protective activities, thereby providing a reliable basis for the development of GLP in the functional food industry.

Detection Analysis

Analysis of volatile oil components in Huaijiang by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics

XIANG Chun-yan, ZHANG Hai-yan, LIAO Huai-yu, HAN Hong-yuan, DU Si-wei, ZHANG Juan

2026, 65(6):  182-187.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.029

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To analyze the differences in volatile oil components between new and old Huaijiang from the Bo’ai County and to provide key data for the development and utilization of its medicinal resources, the volatile oil components of 16 Huaijiang samples collected from 8 sampling sites in Bo’ai County were systematically analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with chemometrics. The results showed that a total of 42 chemical components were identified from the Huaijiang samples and classified by functional group and structure, including 28 alkenes, 7 alcohols, 2 ketones, 2 esters, 1 aldehyde, and 2 other compounds. Among these, α-pinene, camphene, β-copaene, γ-muurolene, (-,-)-β-sesquiphellandrene, and γ-eudesmol were common to all samples. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), the samples were categorized into three groups: old ginger from Yangzhuang Village, Yueshan Town; new ginger from Zhangruji Village, Jincheng Township; and Huaijiang from other regions. Nine differential components between new and old Huaijiang were identified via OPLS-DA. Comprehensive analysis of the volatile oil components showed that the contents of β-elemene, zingiberene, longifolene, β-caryophyllene, (-)-alloaromadendrene, geranyl-p-cymene, and geranyl-α-terpineol were generally higher in new ginger than in old ginger across all samples. Notably, citronellyl acetate was unique to new ginger among the 16 samples, being undetected in the seven old ginger samples.

Application of GC×GC-TOFMS to analysis of tobacco flavor components of three different brands of mid-size cigarettes

ZHENG Kai, GAO Yuan, XIAO Hui, LI Hua-yu, QU Li-li, JIA Xue-wei, XU Chun-ping

2026, 65(6):  188-197.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.030

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To elucidate the differences in aroma style among cigarette brands and their underlying causes, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) was employed to profile volatile compounds in the tobacco filler of three market samples (LQ, LZ, and SY). Sensory evaluation, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical clustering heatmaps were integrated for comparative assessment. The results showed that a total of 161 volatile compounds were identified in the cigarette samples. All three samples were dominated by typical tobacco aroma, LQ showed more pronounced caramel-like and spicy notes, SY exhibited stronger floral, clean and medicinal notes, and LZ presented a more evident beany character accompanied by relatively stronger fruity-sweet nuances. The OPLS-DA model effectively discriminated the samples and screened 19 marker compounds with VIP>1 and P<0.05. Mechanistic interpretation suggested that the enhanced caramel-like character of LQ was associated with higher levels of key compounds such as 2-methylfuran, benzyl alcohol, and 2,3-butanedione; the prominent clean notes of SY were linked to higher contents of triacetin and longifolene; and the fruity-sweet character of LZ was mainly related to acetaldehyde, nonanal, and geranylacetone. This study provided a scientific basis for aroma quality regulation in mid-size cigarettes.

Agricultural Engineering

Prediction of black soil phosphorus content based on BFOA-PSO improved DNN

FAN Ying-xu, GUO Gui-xiang, YAN Ru, LI Ming-feng

2026, 65(6):  198-202.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.031

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To improve the prediction accuracy of phosphorus content in black soil, a prediction method based on an improved deep neural network (DNN) was proposed using thermal infrared (TIR) images. First, unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with TIR sensors were used to collect TIR images of black soil, and preprocessing such as geometric correction and atmospheric correction was conducted.Second, to address the difficulty of global optimization of DNN hyperparameters, the advantages of the bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) were integrated to optimize the number of hidden layers of the DNN model. Finally, the improved DNN model was used to predict the phosphorus content in the TIR images of black soil, and the model performance was validated with measured data. The results showed that the number of hidden layers of the improved DNN model (DNN-BFOA-PSO) was 3. The root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of the improved DNN model predictions were 1.08% and 1.42%, respectively, and the coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.99. Compared with the baseline DNN model, the RMSE and MAE decreased by 88.4% and 85.6%, respectively, and R² increased by 0.09. Compared with random forest, feature selection combined with random forest, and partial least squares regression models, the improved DNN model achieved the best prediction performance for phosphorus content in black soil.

Lightweight rotated object detection model for wheat ears based on improved YOLO11n-OBB

QIAO Rui-qiang, BAI Tao, YUE Da-peng, GAO Yu-wei, CAI Xiao-jin

2026, 65(6):  203-212.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.032

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To address the issues of dense wheat ear distribution, variable posture angles in farmland scenarios, and the high parameter count and computational complexity of some existing detection models that made them difficult to deploy on mobile devices, this study proposed a lightweight improved model, YOLO-BRFA, for rotated wheat ear object detection, with YOLO11n-OBB as the baseline. In this method, BiFPN was introduced into the neck network to achieve bidirectional multi-scale feature fusion and reduce redundant computation. The C3k2_RFCBAMConv module was constructed in the backbone network to enhance the extraction of fine-grained features and suppress background interference. Meanwhile, the conventional convolutional downsampling layer was replaced by the lightweight ADown downsampling module, which reduced complexity while preserving fine-grained textures and inclined edge information as much as possible. Compared with the baseline model, the improved model increased precision, recall, and mAP₅₀ by 1.1, 2.1, and 1.4 percentage points, respectively, while reducing the parameter count, model file size, and computational cost by 38.1%, 33.3%, and 13.6%. The proposed model improved wheat ear detection performance while maintaining a lightweight design, and was suitable for deployment on resource-constrained edge computing devices.

Dual-channel retrieval-augmented Agent system for intelligent diagnosis of agricultural pests and diseases

LIU Jiang-quan, LI Yong-ke

2026, 65(6):  213-220.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.033

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To address the issues of insufficient professional knowledge constraints, limited long-chain reasoning capabilities, and possible factual hallucinations in existing general large language models for agricultural pest and disease diagnosis, this study proposed an Agent-based dual-channel intelligent diagnostic system integrating knowledge graphs and large language models. At the data level, a Triple-Aware Efficient Denoising (TAED) mechanism was designed to eliminate low-quality redundant data and construct a corpus for domain-specific fine-tuning. At the model level, a Phased-Adaptive Chain-of-Thought (PA-CoT) strategy was proposed. Through instruction fine-tuning, the model learned diagnostic logic and reduced the risk of hallucinations caused by logical jumps. At the architecture level, an intent recognition-based Agent dual-channel retrieval mechanism was constructed to achieve the complementary enhancement of unstructured semantic information and structured knowledge. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed system achieved an accuracy of 82.4% and a hallucination rate of 10.8% in complex agricultural diagnostic tasks. It outperformed traditional Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) methods in terms of reasoning completeness and knowledge accuracy, providing a solution for the practical application of agricultural intelligent expert systems.

Design of a dairy cow mastitis early warning system based on AIoT and infrared thermal imaging technology

LI Wen-feng, BU Song-bo, LI Long, LI Mei

2026, 65(6):  221-226.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.034

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Under the background of China's dairy farming industry transitioning to large-scale and intensive production models, early screening and warning of mastitis still faced challenges such as long detection cycles and difficulties in timely intervention. To address these issues, a mastitis early-warning system for dairy cow was designed by integrating AIoT, infrared thermal imaging technology, and machine learning. Machine learning algorithms were adopted to conduct fusion analysis of multidimensional data, automatically identify early abnormal thermal distribution patterns and behavioral characteristics associated with mastitis, and realize risk grading and early warning for mastitis at the subclinical stage. The early warning system achieved closed-loop management spanning automated data collection, encrypted transmission, intelligent analysis, and decision feedback. It could help identify potentially affected cows, assist farms in timely intervention, and reduce farming-related economic losses. The system was expected to promote the transformation of dairy farming management toward digital, intelligent, and preventive models, and supported the high-quality development of the dairy industry.

Biological Engineering

Establishment and optimization of a one-step plantlet regeneration system for tissue culture of Artemisia annua L.

YANG Sheng-fei, ZHANG Mei, PENG Yi, LUO Hui-ling, PENG Xue-dong, CAI Shi-yun, DING Yuan-jie

2026, 65(6):  227-233.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.035

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To simplify the seedling production process of tissue culture of Artemisia annua L. and shorten the cultivation period, a one-step plantlet regeneration system for Artemisia annua L. was established. Using stem segments with axillary buds of Artemisia annua L. as experimental materials, a two-factor multilevel completely randomized design was adopted to optimize the concentration combinations of plant growth regulators at the stages of multiple shoot induction, proliferation, and rooting, and the effects of acclimatization duration on the survival rate and growth vigor of transplanted plantlets were investigated. The results showed that when tender stems with buds of Artemisia annua L. were used as explants, rinsed with running water for 30 min, and then sterilized with 0.1% mercuric chloride solution for 12 min, the survival rate of explants reached the highest level (86.67%), and the browning rate was maintained at a relatively low level. Using MS + 4 mg/L 6-BA as the induction medium, multiple shoot formation was directly induced, with a multiple shoot induction rate of 75.56% and the time for bud formation shortened to 9.67 d, which effectively promoted the one-step plantlet regeneration of Artemisia annua L. Using MS + 3 mg/L 6-BA as the proliferation medium for subculture, the proliferation coefficient reached 7.37, and the occurrence of vitrification was significantly delayed. The optimal rooting medium for test-tube plantlets was MS + 1 mg/L NAA, with a rooting rate of 97.78% and an average root number of 14.67 per plant. The optimal acclimatization protocol for transplanting tissue-cultured plantlets involved 2 days of closed-bottle acclimatization followed by 7 days of potted acclimatization with plastic film mulching, achieving a transplanting survival rate of 96.59%. This one-step plantlet regeneration system for Artemisia annua L. was characterized by a simple operational process and high propagation efficiency, which facilitated the large-scale production of Artemisia annua L. plantlets.

Cloning and functional verification of cucumber CsAuxin-15A under saline-alkali stress

YANG Yang, ZHANG Jun-ming, YU Cong-rui, ZHANG Ji-hao, LUO Tian-you, ZHANG Fan

2026, 65(6):  234-245.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.036

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To investigate the biological function of the SAUR（Small auxin up-regulated RNA）family gene CsAuxin-15A in cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）in response to saline-alkali stress, the CsAuxin-15A gene was cloned from the saline-alkali tolerant cucumber line D1909 and the saline-alkali sensitive line D1604, bioinformatics analysis, subcellular localization, prediction of cis-acting elements in the promoter and expression pattern analysis were performed, sense and antisense expression vectors were simultaneously constructed to transform cucumber, and the peroxidase（POD）activity and proline（Pro）content of transgenic plants under saline-alkali stress were measured. The results showed that the full-length of CsAuxin-15A was 303 bp, encoding 100 amino acids, belonged to the SAUR-type auxin-responsive protein family, and was localized in the cytoplasm; its promoter region contained multiple cis-acting elements such as light-responsive, abscisic acid-responsive, defense and stress-responsive, ARE anaerobic induction, and MYB/MYC binding sites. Under saline-alkali stress, the relative expression of CsAuxin-15A in stems, leaves and fruits of D1909 was significantly higher than that in the control, with the highest expression in leaves, while no significant difference was observed in roots. Compared with wild-type plants, the CsAuxin-15A sense-transgenic plants grew better under saline-alkali stress, and the leaf peroxidase activity and proline content were significantly higher than those in the control. In conclusion, CsAuxin-15A enhanced the tolerance of cucumber to saline-alkali stress by positively regulating the antioxidant enzyme activity and the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances.

Economy & Management

Study on the paths and effects of digital technology empowering large-area yield improvement of grain crops: Evidence from a field survey in Shandong Province

LYU Chuan-hai, LU Zi-han

2026, 65(6):  246-252.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.037

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The pathways and quantitative effects of digital technology on large-area yield improvement of grain crops were explored to provide policy references for accelerating the development of new-quality agricultural productivity and implementing the "New Round of 100 Billion Jin Grain Production Capacity Enhancement Initiative". Based on field survey data from 300 grain crop farming households across 12 counties (cities, districts) in Shandong Province, a digital technology application index was constructed. Multiple regression analysis and the mediating effect model were employed to empirically test the pathways and effects of digital technology on large-area yield improvement of grain crops. The results showed that for every one-unit increase in the digital technology application index, the average yield increment rate of grain production increased by 0.152 percentage points (P<0.01). Precision operation, intelligent decision-making and large-area service were all significant mediating variables for digital technology to empower yield improvement. The effect of digital technology was more pronounced among large-area farmers, revealing a synergistic effect between economies of scale and technology application. High costs, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient technical training were the main factors currently constraining the promotion of digital technologies. It was recommended to systematically advance the adoption and application of digital agriculture through fiscal subsidies, infrastructure development, technical training, industry-academia-research integration, and regional coordination, thereby providing scientific and technological support for building agriculture into a modernized major industry.

Evaluation of land intensive utilization in Cangzhou City based on the analytic hierarchy process and multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method

WAN Xin-yang, SHI Tie-chou, FENG Wen-zhao

2026, 65(6):  253-257.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.06.038

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To further enhance the level of land intensive utilization in Cangzhou City,based on land utilization data from 2018 to 2022,the analytic hierarchy process was employed to determine the weight coefficients of various indicators, including land input intensity, land utilization degree, land utilization benefits, and land utilization sustainability. Combined with the multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method, the land utilization intensity degree in Cangzhou City was calculated and the changes of land intensive utilization in Cangzhou City were systematically assessed. The results showed that the land utilization intensity degree in Cangzhou City exhibited a fluctuating upward trend during the study period, rising from 0.702 to 0.817, suggesting that the land utilization intensity was favorable from 2018 to 2022, but the land utilization efficiency remained relatively low. The output value of secondary and tertiary industries had a significant positive impact on land utilization efficiency. Increasing per-unit land technical labor input was conducive to improving land utilization intensity degree.