秸秆还田量对旱地麦田土壤氮素动态及小麦产量形成的影响

doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.05.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对黄土高原旱地麦田化肥过量施用等问题,明确不同秸秆还田量替代化肥对旱地麦田土壤氮库动态及产量形成的影响,在晋南黄土旱地麦区,设置秸秆不还田（S0）、半量还田（S1/2）、全量还田（S1）、 2倍量还田（S2）4个处理,系统分析连续5年（2018—2023年）不同秸秆还田量对土壤氮肥利用效率、土壤氮库动态和冬小麦 (Triticum aestivum L.)产量形成的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田替代化肥降低了土壤硝态氮残留,2023年收获期 0~200 cm土层硝态氮总累积量较2018年试验初期减少54.40%~87.54%,但 160~200 cm土层硝态氮累积量增加了4.55%~425.32%,表明硝态氮有向下淋溶的趋势。从氮库平衡来看,秸秆还田替代化肥增加了土壤氮盈余和氮表观损失,其中S2比S0分别显著增加70.70%和198.89%（P<0.05）。秸秆还田提升了土壤活性有机氮含量,S2的微生物量氮、可溶性有机氮、轻组有机氮和全氮含量比S0分别显著提高62.58%、33.09%、160.00%和14.29%（P<0.05）,重组有机氮含量无显著变化。秸秆还田提高了旱地冬小麦产量,S1/2、S1和S2子粒产量比S0分别显著提高11.06%、17.73%和 31.80%（P<0.05）。总体来看,2倍秸秆还田量[10 682 kg/(hm²·年)]可作为黄土旱地冬小麦绿色可持续生产的重要技术措施。

关键词: 秸秆还田, 冬小麦 (Triticum aestivum L.), 旱地麦田, 土壤氮组分, 产量

Abstract: To address issues such as excessive chemical fertilizer application in dryland wheat fields on the Loess Plateau, and to clarify the effects of different straw return rates replacing chemical fertilizers on soil nitrogen pool dynamics and yield formation in dryland winter wheat systems,a field experiment was conducted in the dryland wheat region of southern Shanxi on the Loess Plateau from 2018 to 2023 (five consecutive years), with four treatments: no straw return (S0), half-rate straw return (S1/2), full-rate straw return (S1), and double-rate straw return (S2). The impacts of different straw return rates on soil nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, soil nitrogen pool dynamics, and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield formation were systematically analyzed. The results showed that straw return replacing chemical fertilizers reduced soil residual nitrate nitrogen. Compared with the initial stage of the experiment in 2018, the total nitrate nitrogen accumulation in the 0-200 cm soil layer at harvest in 2023 decreased by 54.40%-87.54%, whereas that in the 160-200 cm soil layer increased by 4.55%-425.32%, indicating a downward leaching trend of nitrate nitrogen. In terms of nitrogen budget, straw return substituting chemical fertilizers increased soil nitrogen surplus and apparent nitrogen loss; specifically, S2 significantly increased these indices by 70.70% and 198.89%, respectively, compared with S0 (P<0.05). Straw return enhanced soil labile organic nitrogen contents. The contents of microbial biomass nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen, light fraction organic nitrogen, and total nitrogen in S2 were significantly higher than those in S0 by 62.58%, 33.09%, 160.00%, and 14.29%, respectively (P<0.05), while no significant change was observed in heavy fraction organic nitrogen content. Straw return increased dryland winter wheat yield, with the grain yield in S1/2, S1, and S2 significantly higher than that in S0 by 11.06%, 17.73%, and 31.80%, respectively (P<0.05). Overall, double-rate straw return [10 682 kg/(hm²·a)] could be recommended as an important technical measure for green and sustainable production of winter wheat in dryland areas of the Loess Plateau.

Key words: straw return, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), dryland wheat fields, soil nitrogen components, yield

中图分类号:

梁伊菲, 汪光泽, 王灏滢, 段成娇, 栗丽, 谢钧宇, 李廷亮. 秸秆还田量对旱地麦田土壤氮素动态及小麦产量形成的影响[J]. 湖北农业科学, 2026, 65(5): 63-69.

LIANG Yi-fei, WANG Guang-ze, WANG Hao-ying, DUAN Cheng-jiao, LI Li, XIE Jun-yu, LI Ting-liang. Effects of straw return rate on soil nitrogen dynamics and wheat yield formation in dryland wheat fields[J]. HUBEI AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, 2026, 65(5): 63-69.

参考文献

[1] 马红梅,曹寒冰,谢英荷,等.晋南黄土旱塬小麦养分投入与化肥减施经济环境效应评价[J].中国农业科学,2021,54(13):2804-2817.
[2] 魏蕾,米晓田,孙利谦,等.我国北方麦区小麦生产的化肥、农药和灌溉水使用现状及其减用潜力[J].中国农业科学,2022, 55(13):2584-2597.
[3] DAI J, WANG Z H, LI M H, et al.Winter wheat grain yield and summer nitrate leaching: Long-term effects of nitrogen and phosphorus rates on the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Field crops research, 2016, 196: 180-190.
[4] 张晓庆,王梓凡,参木友,等.中国农作物秸秆产量及综合利用现状分析[J].中国农业大学学报,2021,26(9):30-41.
[5] LI X, LI J, ZHAO Z H, et al.Soil organic carbon and humus characteristics: Response and evolution to long-term direct/carbonized straw return to field[J]. Agronomy, 2024, 14(10):2400.
[6] 肖可青,李心男,邢稳,等.土壤“矿物碳泵(MnCP)”介导有机碳的固存与稳定机制[J].土壤学报,2025,62(3):595-609.
[7] 王胜楠,邹洪涛,张玉龙,等.秸秆集中深还田对土壤水分特性及有机碳组分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(1):154-158.
[8] 赵炳地,张久明,朱莹雪,等.不同秸秆还田量对土壤团聚体及有机碳含量的影响[J].中国农业科技导报,2025,27(1):193-200.
[9] LIU J, FANG L C, QIU T Y, et al.Crop residue return achieves environmental mitigation and enhances grain yield: A global meta-analysis[J]. Agronomy for sustainable development, 2023, 43(6): 78.
[10] 杨慧敏. 不同覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2022.
[11] 饶越悦,周顺利,黄毅,等.秸秆富集深层还田对农田土壤质量影响的研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报(中英文),2023, 31(10):1579-1587.
[12] 曹寒冰,王朝辉,师渊超,等.渭北旱地冬小麦监控施氮技术的优化[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(19):3826-3838.
[13] 龚振平,邓乃榛,宋秋来,等.基于长期定位试验的松嫩平原还田玉米秸秆腐解特征研究[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(8):139-145.
[14] 刘晓永,李书田.中国秸秆养分资源及还田的时空分布特征[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(21):1-19.
[15] 鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[16] 吴金水. 土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006.117-141.
[17] 荣国华,周景云,吴鸿宇,等.流动分析仪与凯氏定氮仪测定土壤全氮含量之比较研究[J].水土保持研究,2023,30(1):204-208.
[18] 王新媛,赵思达,郑险峰,等.秸秆还田和氮肥用量对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2021,54(23):5043-5053.
[19] 赵政鑫,王晓云,李府阳,等.秸秆还田配施稳定性氮肥对麦玉轮作水氮利用的影响[J].农业机械学报,2023,54(6):350-360.
[20] 杨世琦,韩瑞芸,王永生,等.基于秸秆还田条件下的黄灌区稻旱轮作土壤硝态氮淋失特征研究[J].生态学报,2017,37(9):2926-2934.
[21] 杨宪龙,路永莉,同延安,等.长期施氮和秸秆还田对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤氮素平衡的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(1):65-73.
[22] WANG C, SHEN Y, FANG X T, et al.Reducing soil nitrogen losses from fertilizer use in global maize and wheat production[J]. Nature geoscience, 2024, 17(10): 1008-1015.
[23] CHEN L M, YANG S Q, GAO J F, et al.Long-term straw return with reducing chemical fertilizers application improves soil nitrogen mineralization in a double rice-cropping system[J]. Agronomy, 2022, 12(8):1767.
[24] 张奇,陈粲,陈效民,等.不同深度秸秆还田对黄棕壤氮素和微生物生物量碳氮的影响[J].水土保持通报,2019,39(2):56-61.
[25] 李子玉,张小均,刘慧,等.新疆绿洲连作棉田土壤活性有机氮组分的变化[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2022,40(3):291-297.
[26] 叶子壮,王松燕,陆潇,等.秸秆还田、覆膜和施氮对旱地麦田土壤质量的影响[J].环境科学,2024,45(4):2292-2303.
[27] 唐志伟,翁颖,尹春,等.有机物料还田对中国小麦籽粒蛋白质含量影响的Meta分析[J].中国生态农业学报(中英文),2025,33(1):56-66.
[28] 王磊,陶少强,夏强,等.秸秆还田对土壤氮素养分及微生物量氮动态变化的影响[J].土壤通报,2012,43(4):810-814.
[29] LI Y, ABALOS D, ARTHUR E, et al.Different straw return methods have divergent effects on winter wheat yield, yield stability, and soil structural properties[J]. Soil and tillage research, 2024, 238: 105992.
[30] 张莉,王婧,逄焕成,等.秸秆颗粒还田对土壤养分和冬小麦产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(12):1770-1778.
[31] 屈会娟,李金才,沈学善,等.秸秆全量还田对冬小麦不同小穗位和粒位结实粒数和粒重的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011, 44(10):2176-2183.
[32] 刘义国,林琪,王月福,等.秸秆还田与氮肥耦合对冬小麦光合特性及产量形成的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(1):42-44.
[33] 姚金保,姚国才,杨学明,等.小麦收获指数遗传及其与农艺性状的相关分析[J].江苏农业学报,2008,24(1):5-10.
[34] SONG L, LIU J, CAO B L, et al.Reducing brassinosteroid signalling enhances grain yield in semi-dwarf wheat[J]. Nature, 2023, 617(7959): 118-124.