Abstract: Taking the core area of the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces World Heritage Site in Yunnan Province as the study area, A “production-living-ecological” spatial classification system was established by integrating four periods (1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020) of 30-meter resolution land use data, DEM (Digital elevation model), and county-level statistical materials. Using ArcGIS, elevation, slope, and geomorphological information were extracted to delineate terrain gradients and statistically analyze the area distribution of the “production-living-ecological” spaces across each gradient. A spatial transfer matrix was applied to reveal the flow directions of land type conversions from 1990 to 2020. The geodetector model was employed, with 13 indicators selected from four dimensions: Climate, topography, economy, and population, to quantify the explanatory power (q) of single factors and the intensity of two-factor interactions. The results showed that ecological space dominated the study area; in terms of geomorphology, slope, and elevation, production, living, and ecological spaces were mainly concentrated in medium-undulating and large-undulating mid-mountain types, slope ranges of 6°-15° and 15°-25°, and an elevation range of 0.5-2.0 km; during the study period, both production and living spaces showed an increasing trend, while ecological space decreased accordingly; analysis of spatiotemporal changes revealed that the largest conversion area was from ecological to production space; driver analysis indicated that urbanization rate, rural per capita national income, and regional GDP had the strongest explanatory power for the “production-living-ecological” spaces, with two-factor interactions showing nonlinear enhancement and bifactor enhancement.

Key words: Honghe Hani rice terraces, "production-living-ecological" space, driving factors, pattern evolution