HUBEI AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Application of Genstat-GGE biplot in regional cotton trials of Hubei Province

HAN Guang-ming, LAN Jia-yang, CHEN Quan-qiu, ZHANG Sheng-xi, LI Guo-rong, LYU Chao-yue

2026, 65(9): 1-5. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.001

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To scientifically evaluate the yield-potential, yield-stability, adaptability of cotton varieties and the testing capacity of experimental sites in Hubei Provincial cotton regional trials, the GGE biplot model embedded in Genstat 24 software was adopted to analyze the lint yield data of 11 early-maturing conventional cotton varieties after wheat harvest across 11 experimental sites in Hubei Province in 2025. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant effects of genotype, environment, and genotype-by-environment interaction. Environment was the primary source of yield variation, and the contribution rate of genotype-by-environment interaction was higher than that of the main genotype effect. The results of the GGE biplot indicated that Gangmian 21 and Huamian 1212 exhibited the best comprehensive performance in yield-potential and yield-stability, among which Gangmian 21 was the most ideal variety. The suitable planting regions for each variety were clarified,and Jiangmian 11 was not suitable for cultivation in Hubei Province. Jingzhou site showed the best representativeness and discrimination ability, followed by Tianmen and Huanggang sites. A highly positive correlation was observed in the discriminating ability among partial test sites. The Genstat-GGE biplot could visually interpret genotype-by-environment interaction, which provided a scientific reference for cotton variety selection, targeted popularization and optimization of regional trial network in Hubei Province.

Evaluation of yield-potential, yield-stability and adaptability of maize variety Yundan 27 by GGE-biplot

YU Chang-ping, HE Ya-hui, ZHOU Gang, PENG Jia-qing, CHEN Guang-yong, TANG Yu-cheng, YANG Hu, CHEN Qiang, YAN Xiang-ning, LI Yu-lu

2026, 65(9): 6-11. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.002

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To evaluate the promotional value of the new maize（Zea mays L.） cultivar Yundan 27, which was examined and approved by the Hubei Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024, yield data from the 2022-2023 mountain-group maize regional trials in Hubei Province were analyzed via GGE-biplot software. The yield-potential, yield-stability and adaptability of cultivars in the test group including Yundan 27 were assessed, and the adaptive performance of Yundan 27 was compared with that of the control cultivar Huayu 11 in target regions. The results showed that the grain yields of Yundan 27 reached 11 118.90 kg/hm² and 11 360.25 kg/hm² in the two-year regional trials, which were 9.90% and 12.25% higher than those of the control Huayu 11, ranking first and second among all tested cultivars, respectively. GGE-biplot analysis revealed that Yundan 27 ranked first and second for yield-potential, and second and first for yield-stability across the two-year trials, indicating it was an elite cultivar with both high and stable yield. In addition, Yundan 27 exhibited obviously superior adaptability compared with Huayu 11, and it was suitable for planting in most mountainous areas of Hubei Province. Comprehensive analysis demonstrated that Yundan 27 possessed high-yield, stable-yield and wide-adaptation characteristics, and presented great popularization potential.

Effects of planting patterns on cotton growth, yield formation and fiber quality under different drought stresses

HOU Hui-jie, JI Chun-rong, SUN Shuai, PENG JING-ting, HU Hao-nan, WU Si-yi, YANG Ming-feng

2026, 65(9): 12-16. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.003

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To investigate the effects of planting patterns on cotton growth, yield formation and fiber quality under different drought-stress conditions, the dominant cotton cultivar Xinluzao 78 in arid regions of Xinjiang was used as experimental material. A two-factor split-plot experimental design was adopted, with drought stress as the main-plot factor and planting pattern as the sub-plot factor. Three water treatments, including well-watered condition (W1), moderate drought (W2) and severe drought (W3), and two planting patterns of “wide-row, early-maturing and optimal-management” (M1) and “dense-planting, dwarf-cultivation and early-maturing” (M2) were set up. The influences of planting patterns on cotton growth, yield formation and fiber quality under different drought stresses were systematically analyzed. The results showed that drought stress, planting pattern and their interaction exerted significant (P<0.05) or extremely significant (P<0.01) effects on plant height, stem diameter, number of fruiting branches, dry matter accumulation, boll number per plant, single boll weight, lint yield, lint percent and fiber quality of cotton. Overall, plant height, stem diameter, fruiting branch number, dry matter weight, yield, lint percent and fiber quality decreased with the aggravation of drought stress. Under identical drought conditions, M1 exhibited significantly higher plant height, fruiting branch number, boll number per plant, single boll weight and lint yield than M2, with the lint yield increased by 13.96% under W2. Meanwhile, cotton under M1 had a lower micronaire value, yet higher breaking tenacity, upper-half mean length and length uniformity index compared with M2, indicating better fiber quality. Comprehensive analysis demonstrated that the “wide-row, early-maturing and optimal-management” planting pattern could effectively alleviate the adverse impacts of drought stress on cotton growth, yield formation and fiber quality, which was more suitable for popularization and application in cotton production in arid regions of Xinjiang.

Breeding, application potential evaluation and low-consumption and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of strong heterosis maize hybrid Yundan 26

YU Chang-ping, HE Ya-hui, ZHOU Gang, PENG Jia-qing, CHEN Guang-yong, TANG Yu-cheng, YANG Hu, CHEN Qiang, YAN Xiang-ning, LI Yu-lu

2026, 65(9): 17-23. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.004

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Yundan26 is a new maize hybrid bred with inbred line YML118 as the female parent and DSQ4 as the male parent. To clarify the varietal characteristics and popularization potential of Yundan 26, multi-parameters evaluations including mean yield, coefficient of variation, high-stability coefficient, adaptability parameter and regression coefficient were carried out based on the data of mountain-group regional trials and production trials of maize in Hubei Province during 2021-2022. Agronomic traits, stress resistance and kernel traits were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that the grain yields of Yundan 26 reached 10 125.3 kg/hm² and 10 749.0 kg/hm² in the two-year regional trials and production trials, increasing by 7.6% and 9.6% compared with the control cultivar Huayu 11, respectively. Yundan 26 exhibited significantly better yield potential than the control, with high potential for increased production. In the two-year regional trials, the coefficient of variation for grain yield of Yundan 26 was slightly higher than that of the control, while its high-stability coefficients were greater. The adaptability parameters were close to 1 in both years, and the regression coefficients were 1.27 and 0.94, with an average value slightly higher than 1 and superior to the control. Comprehensive analysis indicated that Yundan 26 was a high-yielding, stable-yielding variety with favorable environmental adaptability. A two-factor split-plot design was adopted, with nitrogen application rate as the main-plot factor and planting density as the subplot factor to investigate their effects on grain yield and agronomic traits of Yundan 26. The results demonstrated that the rational combination of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved maize yield. In Xingshan County of Yichang City, Hubei Province and similar ecological zones, the optimal planting density for Yundan 26 was 52 500 plants/hm², and the suitable topdressing rate of urea was 337.5 kg/hm² (seedling fertilizer∶panicle fertilizer = 1∶2). This combination maximized yield potential, achieving a grain yield of 14 948 kg/hm².

Effects of sowing date, planting density, and fertilizer on agronomic traits and grain yield of low-glycemic index (low-GI) functional rice line Tangyou 1

DONG Hua-lin, XUE Lian, HU Jian-lin, WANG Hong-bo, ZHENG Xing-fei, YIN De-suo, XU De-ze

2026, 65(9): 24-27. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.005

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Using the low-glycemic index (GI) functional rice cultivar Tangyou 1 as the test material, field plot experiments were conducted in Wuhan City and Ezhou City of Hubei Province to investigate the regulatory effects of key cultivation measures (including different sowing dates, planting densities and fertilizer regimes) on its agronomic traits and yield components, so as to provide a basis for the construction of a standardized cultivation technology system for the low-GI functional rice Tangyou 1. The results showed that the optimal sowing date for Tangyou 1 in Hubei rice-growing regions was mid-to-late June. Delayed sowing (early July) led to insufficient temperature and light resources, which reduced the number of effective panicles, grains per panicle and seed setting rate of rice, and caused a 13.8% yield decline. Moderately increasing planting density and reducing nitrogen fertilizer input could not only achieve a slight yield increase (3.6% growth) for this cultivar, but also improve fertilizer use efficiency, avoid pollution risks from excessive fertilization, and meet the requirements of green agricultural production. In addition, organic water-soluble fertilizer significantly increased the number of effective panicles, panicle length, filled grains per panicle and seed setting rate, optimized the yield structure, and thus realized a yield increase of 21.5%-26.9%.

Radioactivity levels of plutonium in the soil of Gansu, Shandong and Jiangsu Provinces in China

XIA Lei, LOU Hai-lin, LI Xiao-yun, ZHANG Man, WANG Jia

2026, 65(9): 28-33. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.006

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In order to understand the environmental levels and distribution characteristics of artificial radioactive nuclides in the soil of typical regions in China, the radioactive levels of ^239+240Pu in soil samples collected from Gansu, Shandong and Jiangsu Provinces of China were determined by the method of separation and purification with strongly basic anion exchange resin combined with alpha spectrometry measurement. The results showed that the activity concentration ranges of ^239+240Pu in the soils of the three provinces were 0.018-0.085 Bq/kg, 0.014-0.052 Bq/kg and 0.010-0.117 Bq/kg, respectively, which were comparable to the activity concentration level of ^239+240Pu in the surface soil of China. All of them belonged to the normal background radioactive level and were within the low-level environmental radioactive range, with controllable radiation safety risks. The background levels of ^239+240Pu in the soils of the three provinces in the east and west of China were systematically compared, and the regional concentration gradient and distribution characteristics were clarified. The overall average activity concentration showed a gradient distribution of Jiangsu > Gansu > Shandong, which was in line with the spatial distribution law of atmospheric deposition nuclides in China. The results of the study could provide a scientific basis for the baseline investigation of regional environmental radioactivity in China, the study of nuclide environmental behavior and cross-regional comparison.

Effects of foliar spraying anionic surfactant on maize yield and soil penetration resistance in upland red soil

ZHU Lin, WU Yan, WU Hao, CAO Kai, HAN Ya, HUANG Xiao-jun, ZHANG Jiu-lan, HU Dan-dan, SONG Hui-jie, WAN Xiao-bing, HU Hua-ming, LIU Kai-lou

2026, 65(9): 34-39. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.007

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To explore the amelioration effect of anionic surfactant-based soil crust remover on soil structure and yield improvement of maize in sloping upland red soil, a field experiment was carried out on sloping red soil with maize cultivar Zhengdan 958 as test material. Treatments included blank control (CK1), clean water control (CK2), and spraying of conditioner diluted 500-fold (T500), 750-fold (T750) and 1 000-fold (T1000). The results showed that maize yield under T750 was the highest, which was significantly increased by 33.1% compared with CK2. The yield of T500 was second, significantly 17.5% higher than CK2. Due to insufficient active ingredients, the yield of T1000 showed no significant difference from CK2. After two sprays, T500 obviously reduced the average soil penetration resistance in the 1.0-45.0 cm soil layer. Maize yield was significantly negatively correlated only with penetration resistance in the 1.0 cm soil layer (P<0.05). Short-term spraying of anionic surfactant exerted no significant effects on soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil aggregate fractions, which could be attributed to strong stability of red soil colloid, surface spraying mode and short experimental period. This conditioner alleviated surface soil crust and reduced mechanical resistance to root growth by lowering surface tension of soil solution and regulating electrostatic balance of clay particles, thereby increasing maize yield. The 750-fold dilution was the optimal application concentration for maize in sloping upland red soil.

Effects of combined application of organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer on soil nutrients and enzyme activities in vineyards in southwest China

CHEN Peng, LI Shuang-xiao, SHI Liang-tao, LU Ze-ping, LI Hang, CHEN Li-mei, LI Xiao-ying

2026, 65(9): 40-47. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.008

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This study aimed to clarify the comprehensive improvement effect of the combined application of organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer on vineyard soil quality and to explore a scientific fertilization model for vineyards in Wuhua District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province. Two-year-old grapevines of the Shine Muscat variety were used as materials. Six treatments were set up, including a no-fertilization control (CK), high (G2, 135 g/plant) and low (G1, 90 g/plant) application rates of microbial fertilizer alone, high (B2, 30 g/plant) and low (B1, 20 g/plant) application rates of organic fertilizer alone, and their combined application (G1+B1, 90,20 g/plant). Main soil nutrient contents and enzyme activities were measured at the young fruit stage, the expansion stage and the ripening stage, and correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate each treatment. The results showed that all fertilization treatments increased soil nutrient contents and enzyme activities, and the combined application treatment was generally superior to the single application treatments. The combined application of organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer effectively enhanced soil enzyme activities, accelerated nutrient cycling and availability processes, and thus improved the comprehensive soil fertility.Correlation analysis showed that there were mostly significant positive correlations between soil nutrients and enzyme activities, and organic matter and total nitrogen were the key factors driving the changes in enzyme activities. Three principal components were extracted by principal component analysis, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 81.05%, and the comprehensive scores were ranked as G1+B1 > B2 > G2 > B1 > G1 > CK. The G1+B1 treatment had the best comprehensive performance and could be used as a recommended fertilization scheme for improving quality and efficiency in vineyards in southwest China.

Effects of different water management modes combined with slow/controlled release urea on soil fertility in maize fields

SONG Cheng-liang, CHENG Dong-dong

2026, 65(9): 48-51. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.009

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To investigate the comprehensive effects of different water management modes combined with slow/controlled release urea on soil fertility in maize fields, three water management modes, namely flood irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation, were set up, and for each mode, treatments with and without combined application of slow/controlled release urea were established, and soil pH, organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, and total phosphorus content were measured. The results showed that under the treatments without combined application of slow/controlled release urea, all three water management modes alleviated soil acidification and increased soil organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, and total phosphorus content, with the drip irrigation treatment exhibiting the best performance. After the combined application of slow/controlled release urea, all indicators were further improved, and the increases were significantly greater than those in the corresponding treatments without combined application of slow/controlled release urea.At the late stage of maize field management, the soil pH under the drip irrigation with combined application of slow/controlled release urea treatment was 6.73, the soil organic carbon content was 15.6 g/kg, the total nitrogen content was 2.12 g/kg, and the total phosphorus content was 0.79 g/kg, all of which were superior to those of the other treatments. Drip irrigation with combined application of slow/controlled release urea achieved the best effect on improving soil fertility in maize fields.

Synergistic regulatory effects of straw returning and nitrogen management on the rhizosphere soil microbial community structure of wheat

YANG En-hua

2026, 65(9): 52-59. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.010

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To explore the synergistic regulatory mechanism of straw returning and nitrogen management on the rhizosphere microbial community structure of wheat, the wheat variety ‘Kenong 9204’ was used as the material. Straw returning and non-straw returning were set as the main treatments, and high（300 kg/hm² urea） and low(no urea) nitrogen levels were set as the sub-treatments. Soil physicochemical properties and rhizosphere microbial community characteristics were analyzed at the tillering stage, jointing stage and grain-filling stage. The results showed that straw returning increased soil total nitrogen content, available nitrogen content, organic matter content and pH, and enhanced soil water-holding capacity, with the treatment of straw returning combined with high nitrogen application showing the best effect. The ACE and Shannon indices of the straw returning treatment were higher than those of the non-straw returning treatment, and under the high nitrogen condition, the ACE and Shannon indices were lower than those under the low nitrogen condition. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla. Straw returning favored the enrichment of Terrimonas bacterial community, while the high nitrogen condition had a positive promoting effect on the relative abundance of Chryseolinea at the jointing stage. Correlation analysis showed that soil pH and total nitrogen were the key factors driving the changes in microbial diversity. In conclusion, straw returning combined with rational nitrogen management could optimize the soil nutrient environment and reshape the rhizosphere microbial community structure.

Spatiotemporal coupling coordination relationship between multi-dimensional urbanization and ecosystem services in districts and counties of Hebei Province

WEI Hui, LI An-jia, KONG Ling-qiang, YIN Xu

2026, 65(9): 60-69. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.011

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To reveal the interactive relationship between ecosystem services and urbanization development in the process of rapid urbanization, and to provide a basis for differentiated territorial spatial governance, this study took districts and counties in Hebei Province as the basic units, used the InVEST model and the coupling coordination degree model to evaluate the levels of population urbanization, economic urbanization, land urbanization, and comprehensive urbanization, as well as the spatiotemporal evolution of four ecosystem services, namely water yield, food supply, carbon storage, and habitat quality, from 2000 to 2020, and analyzed the coupling coordination relationship between the two. The results showed that the urbanization levels of various dimensions in Hebei Province exhibited obvious spatial differentiation, with high-value areas concentrated in central urban areas and coastal development zones, and low-value areas distributed in the Bashang and mountainous ecological function areas. The ecosystem services in Hebei Province exhibited a spatial pattern where the northern ecological high-value areas were relatively stable, the urban construction areas were under continuous pressure, and the plain agricultural areas showed functional differentiation. The relationship between urbanization and ecosystem services in Hebei Province was not a simple synergy or trade-off, but a complex coupling process formed under the combined effects of natural conditions and human activities. The coupling coordination degree between ecosystem services and urbanization in Hebei Province still had much room for improvement, and in the future, differentiated territorial spatial regulation needed to be strengthened to promote their coordinated development.

Temporal and spatial evolution and multi-scenario prediction of ecosystem service value in the urban agglomeration on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains based on PLUS model

HOU Hong-yuan, WANG Cheng-wu

2026, 65(9): 70-79. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.012

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Based on land-use datasets from 2000 to 2020, the equivalent factor method, spatial autocorrelation test and PLUS model were adopted to explore the changing characteristics of land use and ecosystem service value (ESV) in the urban agglomeration on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains from 2000 to 2020. Land-use change and the temporal and spatial evolution of ESV under three scenarios (natural development, production-construction and ecological protection) in 2030 were simulated and predicted. This study aimed to provide scientific support for ecological environment protection and green transformation of the urban agglomeration. The results showed that unused land and grassland were the dominant land-use types from 2000 to 2020. In terms of land-use transfer, unused land and cropland had the largest incoming area, while grassland exhibited the largest outgoing area. The ESV of the study area presented a fluctuating decreasing trend, with a total reduction of 10.154 billion yuan. High-high ESV clusters were mainly distributed in the central region, whereas low-low clusters were concentrated in the northeastern and southern parts. In 2030, the ESV under the natural-development, production-construction and ecological-protection scenarios would reach 209.756 billion yuan, 204.737 billion yuan and 212.145 billion yuan, respectively. The three scenarios shared similar spatial patterns: high-value areas were concentrated in the west, northwest and central zones, and low-value areas were mainly located in the north and south. The ecological-protection scenario was more conducive to improving the ecosystem service functions of the study area.

Effects of different application methods of juvenile hormone and testosterone on oviposition traits of Coccinella septempunctata

FENG Wen-long, MA Peng, CHEN Shen-han, LI Jie, DENG Quan, WANG Yong, LIU Dong-yang, YU Jia-min, GUO Shi-ping, WU Xing-long, PU De-qiang

2026, 65(9): 80-85. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.013

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To investigate the effects of different treatment methods of juvenile hormone and different concentrations of testosterone on the oviposition traits of Coccinella septempunctata, adult beetles were reared indoors on a basal artificial diet. Treatments consisted of topical application (A, B, C), spraying (D, E, F), and dietary incorporation (G, H, I) of juvenile hormone (0.5 μL/L) combined with testosterone at concentrations of 1.00, 0.10, and 0.01 mg/L, with the pure artificial diet serving as the control (CK). Feeding frequency, mating frequency, fecundity, hatching rate, and survival rate were recorded. After 20 days of continuous rearing, the feeding frequency of dietary incorporation treatments G, H, and I was significantly lower than that of topical treatments A, B, C, spray treatments D, E, F, and the CK control. Treatment H exhibited the highest mating frequency (0.113 times/min), which was significantly higher than that of all other treatments except G and CK. Treatment I had the highest total fecundity (66.33 eggs), significantly exceeding that of treatments A, B, C, F, and CK, followed by treatment H (61.13 eggs) and treatment E (50.20 eggs). The hatching rates of treatments A, C, D, and I (55.11%-62.64%) were significantly higher than those of CK (33.64%). The female survival rates of treatments B, D, F, G, H, and I were significantly higher than those of CK, whereas no significant differences in male survival rates were observed among all treatments. Overall, dietary incorporation of 0.5 μL/L juvenile hormone and 0.01 mg/L testosterone (treatment I) showed the best promoting effect on the fecundity of Coccinella septempunctata.

Optimization of key techniques for stage-specific rejuvenation of degraded Lilium bulbs

LIN Long, ZHANG Jia-yu, LIN Jia-jia, PAN Qing-ta, ZHANG Yu-ying, WANG Hao-xin, JI Yu-lu

2026, 65(9): 86-90. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.014

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To identify key regulatory techniques for the rejuvenation of degenerated lily (Lilium spp.) bulbs, degenerated lily bulbs were used as experimental materials. An orthogonal experimental design was employed to systematically investigate the effects of temperature regulation, plant growth regulators, and biological agents on bulb sprouting and subsequent growth, screening key technical combinations for promoting bulb rejuvenation from two stages (pre-sprouting treatment and cultivation management). The results showed that, during the pre-sprouting stage, the effects of the tested factors on bulb sprouting rate followed the decreasing order of temperature regime > plant growth regulator > biological agent. An appropriate variable-temperature treatment significantly increased the sprouting rate, treatment with 200 mg/L NAA markedly promoted sprouting, and treatments with Bacillus spp. and humic acid also showed good effects on sprouting. During the cultivation stage, the effects of the tested factors on bulb growth followed the decreasing order of biological agent > fertilization strategy > physical regulation. Biological agent treatments significantly increased the mean bulb diameter and circumference, while high-potassium fertilizer was beneficial for bulb enlargement. Comprehensive analysis indicated that a staged and synergistic management strategy combining temperature-dominated pre-sprouting treatment with cultivation regulation centered on biological agents and fertilization management significantly improved the growth quality of lily bulbs. Specifically, pre-planting treatment with 15 ℃ for 6 d followed by 5 ℃ for 28 d, combined with soaking in 200 mg/L NAA solution for 20 min, effectively promoted sprouting. During cultivation, bud removal combined with the application of high-potassium fertilizer and humic acid effectively promoted bulb enlargement and growth.

Research progress on physiological and biochemical characteristics and key regulation during the color transformation period of Lentinula edodes logs

YUAN Zhao-zheng, MA Yu, YANG Yu-hua, LI Meng-chun, WANG Hong, JIA Mao-mao, ZHAO Lei

2026, 65(9): 91-97. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.015

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The color transformation of fungal logs is a critical stage in the cultivation of Lentinula edodes, which directly affects the maturity of fungal logs, as well as the yield and quality of fruiting bodies. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of mycelial carbon and nitrogen metabolism, key enzyme activities, and mycelial morphological changes during the color transformation period were reviewed. And the impacts of the carbon-nitrogen ratio, nutritional conditions, environmental factors, strain characteristics, and cultivation practices on the color transformation were further elucidated. Additionally, the research in multi-omics color transition regulatory networks, precise intelligent regulation, and the breeding of high-quality strains was anticipated, thereby providing a reference for the research on standardized color transition techniques for Lentinula edodes and the upgrading of the industry.

Effects of exogenous melatonin on physiological characteristics and photosynthesis of peony seedlings under chromium stress

ZHANG Ze-yong

2026, 65(9): 98-104. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.016

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This study investigated the alleviating effects and underlying mechanisms of exogenous melatonin (MT) on the physiological characteristics and photosynthesis of peony(Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’) seedlings under hexavalent chromium stress. A hydroponic experiment was conducted with the following treatments: control (CK), chromium stress (Cr, 200 μmol/L K₂Cr₂O₇), and chromium stress combined with different concentrations of melatonin (50, 100, 200 μmol/L). The results showed that chromium stress severely inhibited seedling growth, with root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and total dry weight significantly decreasing by 42.3%, 38.9%, and 40.1%, respectively, compared to the control. Photosynthetic pigment synthesis was impeded, and the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) declined by 64.3%. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) intensified, and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA), a product of membrane lipid peroxidation, increased by 167.0%. Exogenous application of melatonin, particularly at a concentration of 100 μmol/L, significantly alleviated these detrimental effects. This treatment restored total dry weight to 86.5% and P_n to 82.0% of the control levels. Concurrently, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were significantly enhanced by 68.4%, 74.2%, and 59.7%, respectively, compared to the Cr-only treatment, while the MDA content was reduced by 52.8%. Furthermore, melatonin application significantly decreased chromium accumulation in both roots and shoots and improved the homeostasis of potassium and calcium ions. The study indicated that exogenous melatonin effectively enhanced the tolerance of peony seedlings to chromium stress through multiple synergistic mechanisms, including bolstering the antioxidant defense system, protecting the photosynthetic apparatus, and regulating ion balance.

Screening of rapid detection methods for pollen viability of pine wilt disease-resistant Pinus massoniana

PAN Ting, XU Liu-yi, JIANG Chun-wu, CHEN Xue-lian

2026, 65(9): 105-110. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.017

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To identify a rapid method for assessing pollen viability in field-based cross-breeding of pine wilt disease-resistant Pinus massoniana, three resistant clones were used as materials, with the pollen germination (PG) method as the standard. Five rapid staining methods including iodine-potassium iodide (I₂-KI), blue ink (BI), peroxidase (POD), MTT, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) were evaluated for their applicability. The results showed that POD and BI staining failed to achieve specific staining of Masson pine pollen; I₂-KI and TTC staining yielded values significantly different from those of the PG method (P<0.001), indicating no practical application value. The MTT method showed no significant difference from the PG method in detection values, although a significant proportional bias existed between them. In the high-viability range (>90%), the deviation ranged from 0.7% to 10.5%, while the deviation increased when pollen viability was below 90%. The MTT method was simple to operate, required only 10 min to complete, and exhibited acceptable deviation from the PG method in the high-viability range, making it a suitable rapid alternative for field-based cross-breeding of resistant P. massoniana. Although less accurate for precise quantification in the low-viability range, it still retained value for rapid preliminary screening. This study provided a practical and reliable technical approach for on-site pollen quality assessment in disease resistance breeding programs.

Effects of plant growth regulators and fungicides on the quality of Prunella vulgaris seedlings

WANG Kai, HAN Shu-hua, YAN You-lin, AN Hui-chao, MA Chong, XU Ke-xin, WANG Li, FAN Jing-chao

2026, 65(9): 111-116. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.018

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To investigate the effects of different plant growth regulators and fungicides on the growth and physiological characteristics of Prunella vulgaris seedlings, and to improve seedling quality, P. vulgaris seeds were used as materials, and under plug seedling cultivation, GA₃(50 mg/L), IAA (25 mg/L), 6-BA (25 mg/L), carbendazim (0.5 g/L), chlorothalonil (0.5 g/L), thiophanate-methyl (0.5 g/L), and purified water (CK) were sprayed, respectively. Seedling morphological characteristics, agronomic traits, dry matter mass, and physiological and biochemical indicators were measured, and a comprehensive evaluation was conducted using the entropy weight method. The results showed that GA₃ significantly altered the aboveground morphology of the seedlings, increasing plant height, leaf length, and aboveground dry matter accumulation, but inhibited stem diameter, root volume, and root dry matter accumulation, making it easy to form weak seedlings. IAA and 6-BA treatments were beneficial for belowground dry matter accumulation and the increase of leaf soluble sugar content, with IAA significantly increasing root soluble protein content, while 6-BA maintained a higher total photosynthetic pigment content. Among the three fungicides, chlorothalonil treatment increased leaf width and the overall quality of the seedlings, whereas carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl treatments inhibited root volume and leaf number, respectively, and significantly reduced the comprehensive quality of the seedlings. The comprehensive evaluation using the entropy weight method showed that the seedlings treated with IAA and 6-BA had the highest comprehensive quality scores, ranking first and second, respectively, outperforming those treated with GA₃ and the three fungicides. In conclusion, spraying IAA or 6-BA could effectively promote the growth and improve the quality of P. vulgaris seedlings; in preventing diseases, chlorothalonil had less adverse effect on seedling quality compared to thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim.

Rapid determination of seed viability of Smilax glabra Roxb. by TTC staining method

FENG Yu, LU Hai-yan, SU Yuan-yu, LONG Jie-qiong, HE Si-ji, LIAO Guo-jian, WEI Shu-gen, LIANG Wen-jing

2026, 65(9): 117-123. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.019

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To establish a rapid determination method for seed viability of Smilax glabra Roxb., an L₁₆(4⁵) orthogonal experimental design was adopted to investigate the effects of soaking temperature, soaking duration, TTC(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) concentration, staining temperature, and staining duration on seed viability testing. Meanwhile, the effects of different storage methods on seed viability were compared. The results showed that all five factors exerted significant effects on the staining result, and the degree of influence followed the order: Soaking temperature > soaking duration > TTC concentration > staining duration > staining temperature. The orthogonal experiment showed that when seeds were soaked at 35 ℃ for 6 h and then stained with 0.10% TTC solution at 45 ℃ for 48 h, the seed embryos were clearly stained, and the viability reached the highest level of 88.33% ± 7.64%. Through range analysis and variance analysis, the optimal single-factor treatment combination was determined as: Seeds soaked at 25 ℃ for 6 h, followed by staining in 0.10% TTC solution at 45 ℃ for 24 h. Further storage trials showed that the seed viability under low-temperature storage was significantly higher than that under low-temperature sand storage. However, room-temperature shade-drying storage was operationally simple, low cost, and more suitable for practical production applications.

Effects of misting regulation on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, antioxidant capacity, yield, and quality of Lycium barbarum

LIU Xiang-ting, SU Ming, HONG Zi-qiang, WANG Wen-xiu, HE Li-qun, LI Feng, LIU Xiao-li, KANG Jian-hong, YANG Juan

2026, 65(9): 124-129. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.020

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To clarify the effects of misting regulation on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, antioxidant capacity, yield, and quality of organically cultivated Lycium barbarum L. in saline-alkali soil of Ningxia, a field experiment was conducted in 2024 using Ningqi No. 1 as the material, with three treatments: Misting regulation (T1), conventional cultivation (T2), and absolute control (CK). Leaf photosynthetic, fluorescence, and antioxidant indices, as well as fruit yield and quality, were measured. The results showed that, compared with T2, on June 12, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) of T1 were significantly increased by 34.39%, 12.04%, and 14.47%, respectively, while the intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) significantly decreased by 11.26%; the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) increased by 4.03%, although the difference was not significant; the comprehensive performance index (PI) of the photosynthetic apparatus significantly increased by 18.34%. Throughout the entire measurement period, T1 generally exhibited higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and lower content of malondialdehyde (MDA). The single-plant yield and 100-fruit weight of T1 were generally higher than those of T2, with a significant difference in 100-fruit weight on June 12. The effects on fruit quality varied with harvest dates; on August 12, the contents of flavonoid, polysaccharide, and betaine were all significantly increased. Correlation analysis showed that the photosynthetic, fluorescence, and antioxidant indices were significantly correlated with yield and some quality indices. The comprehensive scores obtained from principal component analysis followed the order of T1 > T2 > CK. These results indicated that misting regulation could improve the physiological status of wolfberry leaves and thereby enhance the overall production performance.

Effects of different planting densities on the field production of Polygonum cuspidatum

LIANG Yuan, JIN Miao, LIU Jin-na

2026, 65(9): 130-134. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.021

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To investigate the effects of different planting densities on the growth, yield, medicinal component contents, and economic benefits of Polygonum cuspidatum, five planting densities were set up: 15 cm × 30 cm, 25 cm × 40 cm, 35 cm × 50 cm, 40 cm × 40 cm, and 45 cm × 60 cm. The optimal planting density for field production was selected by comparing seed-stock input, per-plant yield increase and hectare-scale yield, rhizome bioactive ingredient contents, and economic returns. The results showed that the seed-stock input was the highest in the 15 cm × 30 cm treatment. After one year of cultivation, the per-plant yield increases in the 35 cm × 50 cm and 25 cm × 40 cm treatments were higher than those in the other treatments; after four years, the per-plant yield increases in the 40 cm × 40 cm, 25 cm × 40 cm, and 45 cm × 60 cm treatments were relatively higher. In terms of hectare-scale yield, the 15 cm × 30 cm treatment had the highest yield for both annual and four-year-old Polygonum cuspidatum plants; however, in the four-year-old plants, the actual effective plant number in this treatment decreased by about 50%, resulting in no significant difference in actual hectare-scale yield compared with the 25 cm × 40 cm treatment. Although the 40 cm × 40 cm and 45 cm × 60 cm treatments had relatively higher per-plant yields at four years, their hectare-scale yields remained consistently low throughout, and were not suitable for field application. The contents of polydatin, emodin, and other active components in the four-year-old Polygonum cuspidatum rhizomes all met the quality standards specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 edition, among which the 25 cm × 40 cm treatment showed the highest overall contents of various medicinal components. In terms of economic benefits, the 15 cm × 30 cm treatment had the highest total benefit and net return per hectare, but it also had problems such as a decrease in effective plant number and relatively low per-plant yield. Among the other planting density treatments, only the 25 cm × 40 cm treatment could be profitable in the high-yield range, while the rest were in a loss state. Therefore, the 25 cm × 40 cm density treatment could achieve a balance between per-plant and hectare-scale yield and the optimal accumulation of medicinal components, and was a suitable density for the field cultivation of Polygonum cuspidatum.

The dynamic variation pattern of Maillard reaction substrates during the steaming process of Polygonatum sibiricum and its implications for processing technology

ZHOU Tian-xiang, TANG Lian, XIE Shao-feng, CHEN Yu-feng, LI Wen-xing, LI Jin-xiu, LIU Xiao-lan

2026, 65(9): 135-139. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.022

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After steaming processing, Polygonatum sibiricum Red. underwent "toxicity reduction and efficacy enhancement", with the Maillard reaction as its core chemical driving force. Focusing on the three core substrate classes of the Maillard reaction—sugars (carbonyl donors), amino acids, and nucleosides (amino donors)—their chemical basis and their respective roles in the reaction were systematically elaborated on; the dynamic evolution patterns and the interconnected complete chemical chains throughout the entire steaming process were further summarized, and the consequent changes in sensory properties (e.g., color, flavor, and irritation elimination) brought about by the participation of these substrates were explained. Based on the patterns of compositional changes, ideas for process optimization were proposed, including determination of steaming parameters, quantification of processing endpoints, species-differentiated processing, balancing "efficacy enhancement" and "toxicity reduction," and multi-index combined verification. The inherent contradiction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural（5-HMF） serving as both a reaction progress indicator and a potential toxicant was analyzed. The existing research gaps were reviewed, including insufficient mechanistic exploration, poor comparability of experimental data, the absence of safety limits for 5-HMF, and weak correlation between multi-omics and pharmacological efficacy. Finally, research prospects were presented from four aspects: Reaction mechanisms between nucleosides and amino acids, safety limits of 5-HMF, multi-omics integration, and a process-composition-efficacy correlation model.

Key factors influencing the eating quality of rice

WU Yi-Jie, LIU Jiao, DING Hua, ZHANG Xun, LI Yan-yi, LU Ya-xin, YANG Jie

2026, 65(9): 140-146. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.023

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The eating quality of rice is jointly determined by intrinsic components such as starch and protein, as well as extrinsic conditions including processing and cooking, involving a series of physical and chemical changes such as starch gelatinization, moisture migration and the formation of flavor compounds. The key influencing factors including variety characteristics, processing technology, storage methods and cooking conditions of rice were systematically reviewed, aiming to provide references for the breeding of rice varieties with high eating quality and the establishment of standardized processing techniques.

Determination of chlorantraniliprole and clothianidin residues in peanuts by QuEChERS-ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and dietary risk assessment

ZHU Kun-miao, ZHANG Shu-na, CHEN Xin, CHENG Lu-yao, WANG Jing-jie, LYU Ang, LIU Jun

2026, 65(9): 147-151. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.024

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To establish a simultaneous detection method for chlorantraniliprole and clothianidin residues in peanut kernels and straw and to assess their dietary risk, this study used QuEChERS pretreatment technology combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), optimized the combination of extraction salt packets and purification tubes, performed detection in electrospray positive ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring mode, quantified by the external standard method, and conducted residue determination and chronic dietary risk assessment for peanut samples from 10 regions of China.The results showed that chlorantraniliprole and clothianidin had good linear relationships in the range of 0.002 5 to 0.200 0 mg/L, with correlation coefficients (R²) all greater than 0.990 0. The average recoveries of chlorantraniliprole in peanut kernels ranged from 81.8% to 88.0%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 2.2% to 6.1%; the average recoveries of clothianidin ranged from 77.0% to 82.4%, with RSD of 5.1% to 12.6%. The average recoveries of chlorantraniliprole in straw ranged from 73.0% to 79.6%, with RSD of 1.4% to 4.9%; the average recoveries of clothianidin ranged from 78.0% to 92.8%, with RSD of 0.9% to 7.9%. The residues of both pesticides in peanut kernels from 10 regions did not exceed the limits specified in the National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food. Chronic dietary risk assessment showed that the risk quotients of chlorantraniliprole and clothianidin were 4.6% and 6.6%, respectively, both far below 100%. The method was simple and efficient, had high sensitivity, exhibited good accuracy and precision, and was suitable for the simultaneous detection of the two pesticide residues in peanuts.

Design and performance test of a pneumatic tobacco topping machine in a plain tobacco-growing area

LUO Bo, CHEN Bing-jie, LI Zi-jian, ZHU Chen-hui

2026, 65(9): 152-156. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.025

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In order to overcome the bottlenecks of low efficiency in traditional tobacco plant topping and sucker control operations and the difficulty in flower top collection, and to improve the mechanization level of tobacco production in plain tobacco-growing areas, a pneumatic tobacco topping machine was designed to achieve the simultaneous operations of topping, sucker control agent spraying, and flower top collection. To address the problems of uneven airflow distribution within the chamber and the tendency of flower tops to collide and rebound, a flow field simulation analysis of the topping machine chamber was conducted using CFD software, and the internal airflow structure was optimized by adding streamlined guide vanes. The bench test results showed that the guide vanes effectively eliminated the low-velocity stagnant zones in the middle and upper sections, resulting in a more uniform airflow distribution, and that the cutter disc rotational speed had a significant effect on the operational performance; when the rotational speed was 600 r/min, the topping qualification rate reached 98%, the flower top collection qualification rate reached 96%, and the outlet airflow velocity reached 6.5 m/s, meeting the requirements of efficient pneumatic collection. The device featured a rational structure and stable operation, providing reliable equipment support and technical assurance for the full-process mechanization of tobacco plant topping and sucker control.

Design and experiment of pruning sea buckthorn harvester

WANG Qing-hui, YANG Li-ling, LIU Jia, CUI Kuan-bo, YANG Zhong-qiang, SHEN Xiao-he

2026, 65(9): 157-163. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.026

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In order to solve the problems of low efficiency in manual pruning and lack of a mature harvester, a pruning sea buckthorn（Hippophae rhamnoides L.） harvester was designed. The key components such as the branch wheel, cutting device, conveying device and hydraulic control system were designed and analyzed. With the forward speed, cutter speed and branch wheel speed as the test factors, and the loss rate and breakage rate as the indices, field tests with three factors and three levels were carried out to verify. The results showed that the order of influencing factors on loss rate was cutter speed, branch wheel speed and forward speed, and the order of influencing factors on breakage rate was forward speed, cutter speed and branch wheel speed. The optimal parameter combination was the forward speed of 1.2 m/s, the cutter speed of 3 200 r/min, and the branch wheel speed of 25 r/min. Under this combination, the loss rate of the sea buckthorn harvester was 10.91%, and the stubble breakage rate was 9.24%. The relative errors between the experimental values and the model-predicted values were less than 5%, which achieved the expected effect.

Optimization of technology integration and mechanized processing for post-harvest chestnut in hilly and mountainous regions

ZHANG Jian-lei, HAN Ning

2026, 65(9): 164-170. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.027

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In order to explore the effects of hilly and mountainous topography and processing technology on the postharvest quality and economic benefits of chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume), the key links such as adaptive shelling and hot air-microwave co-drying were carried out in the main production area of Tai'an City, Shandong Province. The operating parameters of key equipment were obtained by establishing the kinematic model of the shelling device and analyzing of the drying process system. The results showed that in the hilly environment with a slope of 15°-35°, with four-point hydraulic self-leveling chassis combined with 18-25 Hz frequency conversion vibration, the mechanical damage rate of shelling was reduced from 13.5% to 2.3% of the traditional plain model. In the drying process, hot air-microwave synergistic technology (with constant hot air at 50 ℃ and hightemperature pulsed microwave at 75 ℃) effectively passivated the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and achieved a browning inhibition rate of 94%, which was better than that of traditional open-air drying. Further using hyperspectral intelligent grading technology, the product grading accuracy reached 98.8%. The comprehensive benefit evaluation results showed that the integrated system could reduce the unit processing cost by 27%, increase the high-quality kernel rate by 33.6%, and shorten the payback period to 1.4 years.

Discrimination of origins and stalk positions of Yunnan tobacco leaf based on chemical fingerprint and pattern recognition, and development of the style index and membership degree index models

JIN Ya-bo, LUO Jian-qin, HUANG Chong-jun, KAN Hong-wei, LI Qun-ling, ZHAO Dong-jie, YANG Song

2026, 65(9): 171-175. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.028

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To overcome the technical bottleneck that traditional tobacco leaf grading and blending design relied on subjective experience and were difficult to quantify, a digital discrimination system covering 13 origins in Yunnan and three stalk positions (upper, middle, and lower) for tobacco leaf, as well as style index and membership degree index models, was constructed based on a 70-dimensional chemical fingerprint and pattern recognition. Through one-way ANOVA and principal component analysis of 403 flue-cured tobacco leaf samples, 32 key chemical indicators were screened, and the performance of three algorithms, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and support vector machine (SVM), was compared. The results showed that the SVM-RBF model achieved discrimination accuracies of 99.2% and 95.4% for the 13 origins and three stalk positions on the test set, respectively, while on the external independent validation set, the discrimination accuracies for origins and stalk positions remained at high levels of 98.5% and 93.1%, respectively. Based on the Mahalanobis distance in the optimal discriminant space and Softmax normalization, origin style index and stalk position membership degree index models were proposed, achieving a continuous and vectorized representation of tobacco leaf style characteristics. This system transformed discrete classification results into computable digital indices, providing a high-precision and operable technical tool for intelligent warehousing of tobacco leaf, precise blending substitution, and digital maintenance of brand style, thereby promoting a paradigm shift in tobacco raw material management from experience-driven to data-driven.

Fruit tree species identification based on multi-source remote sensing and machine learning

WANG Qian, PU Zhi, LUO Lei, YI Lei-ting

2026, 65(9): 176-185. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.029

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To address the challenges of complex phenological variations, feature redundancy, and insufficient recognition accuracy in remote sensing identification of fruit tree species under complex orchard environments, a typical orchard area in Aksu, Xinjiang, was selected as the study area, and a fruit tree species identification method integrating phenological information and multi-source remote sensing data was proposed. Multi-source remote sensing features were constructed using Sentinel-2 optical remote sensing data, Sentinel-1 radar data, and terrain factors. Phenological window optimization was used to select remote sensing phases with higher class separability, and the Boruta algorithm was adopted to screen multi-source features and reduce feature redundancy. On this basis, a Bayesian optimization method based on TPE (Tree-structured Parzen Estimator) was introduced to optimize the key hyperparameters of the LightGBM model, and was combined with a Stacking ensemble learning strategy to construct the fruit tree species classification model. Meanwhile, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) was used to analyze the contribution of different remote sensing features to the classification results. The proposed method achieved an overall accuracy of 90.62% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.889 3 on the test set, and its classification accuracy was higher than that of single-model methods. The combination of multi-source remote sensing information and machine learning methods improved the recognition accuracy of fruit tree species and could provide a methodological reference for regional orchard resource surveys and agricultural management.

Irrigation decision-making method combining the AquaCrop model with model predictive control

SUN Miao, LIU Pai, ZHAO Dong-bao, LI Yi-chao

2026, 65(9): 186-193. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.030

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Traditional irrigation decision-making methods based on the AquaCrop model have limited capability for dynamic response, making it difficult to promptly adjust irrigation schedules according to short-term meteorological variations. An irrigation decision-making method integrating the AquaCrop model with model predictive control (MPC) was developed. The AquaCrop model was used to determine irrigation upper limits for different growth stages of summer maize. Soil water balance, surface runoff, deep percolation, and short-term rainfall forecast information were incorporated into the MPC decision-making framework. An AquaCrop-MPC dynamic irrigation decision-making model was constructed, and irrigation amounts were determined through rolling-horizon optimization. A simulation experiment was conducted for summer maize grown in silt loam soil in Shangqiu City, Henan Province. Under total water supply levels of 100, 130, and 160 mm, the AquaCrop-MPC method increased simulated yield by 0.4%, 0.3%, and 0.1%, respectively, reduced irrigation water use by 36.0%, 42.3%, and 40.0%, respectively, increased irrigation water productivity by 56.9%, 74.0%, and 66.9%, respectively, and improved water use efficiency by 8.3%, 9.1%, and 8.3%, respectively, compared with the preset irrigation schedules determined by AquaCrop. The proposed method dynamically adjusted irrigation amounts using short-term rainfall forecast information and reduced irrigation water use while maintaining simulated crop yield. These findings provided a scientific reference for irrigation decision-making of summer maize under limited water supply conditions.

Study on inversion of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence in maize farmland: A case study of Liaoning

YU Peng-cheng, QU Ya-wei, REN Ci, XU Jie, LUO Yuan-jia, XIE Guang-xiong

2026, 65(9): 194-199. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.031

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Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is an important indicator of plant photosynthetic status and a key metric for estimating vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP). Meteorological conditions influence SIF variations by affecting plant physiological status and photosynthetic processes. To achieve SIF inversion under different meteorological conditions, the maize planting areas in Liaoning Province were selected as the study area. Using data from 21 meteorological stations in Liaoning Province during 2014—2023, meteorological parameters simulated by the Mountain Microclimate Simulation Model, the Global SIF product (GOSIF) derived from OCO-2 data, and meteorological gridded datasets, SIF values during May-September in drought years and precipitation-suitable years were inverted using partial least squares regression (PLSR), principal component analysis (PCA), fully connected neural network (FCNN), and ridge regression (RR) methods. The results showed that the PLSR model achieved the highest validation set accuracy in site-scale model comparisons, while the city-level regional RR model obtained good accuracy in most regions, with the coefficient of determination (R²) of the training set mostly reaching above 0.65 (P<0.05). Except for Benxi and Dandong cities, the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) was below 20% in other regions. Spatial correlation analysis between the inverted SIF results and GOSIF products showed that the spatial correlation coefficients in most regions exceeded 0.7, and the spatial variation trends of both were generally consistent. By selecting monthly mean actual evapotranspiration, monthly mean air temperature, monthly mean water vapor pressure, and monthly precipitation as input variables, the SIF inversion method for regional maize farmland could be effectively established. This provided a technical reference for regional-scale SIF estimation using meteorological data and smart agriculture remote sensing applications.

Monocular depth estimation for cotton fields fused with attention distillation

LIU Tao, LI Ying-ke

2026, 65(9): 200-208. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.032

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To address the balance between accuracy and computation for self-supervised monocular depth estimation (MDE) and meet edge device deployment requirements, a lightweight self-supervised MDE framework fusing knowledge distillation and attention was proposed. Based on MobileViT, the framework used the inverted residual mobile block (iRMB) of the efficient model (EMO) as the backbone to unify CNN local features and ViT global modeling. An edge-aware consistency distillation loss was designed to strengthen depth alignment in key regions, and a bidirectional selective channel attention (BSCA) module was embedded to alleviate insufficient spatial and channel feature coupling in lightweight models. The results showed that on KITTI, the model with 5.8 M parameters achieved Abs Rel 0.103 and δ₁ 0.893, outperforming MViTDepth with 6.5% fewer parameters and 0.2% higher accuracy, at only 3.3 G FLOPs. It also showed good generalization on Make3D and ran at 2.4 ms per frame on NVIDIA Jetson. The framework effectively balanced accuracy and efficiency, providing reliable depth perception support for visual perception and intelligent agricultural machinery operations in cotton fields.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the aluminum-activated malate transporter gene family in ice plant

LIU Xiao-han, LIU Xiao-han, YI Rui-ying, SONG Si-han, SU Jia-min, LI Nan, SONG Xiao-ming

2026, 65(9): 209-215. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.033

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To elucidate the phylogenetic and functional characteristics of the aluminum-activated malate transporter (ALMT) gene family in the halophyte ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.), a genome-wide systematic identification of ALMT gene family members in ice plant was conducted, and their expression patterns under salt stress were analyzed. The results showed that a total of 9 McALMT genes were identified in the ice plant genome, unevenly distributed on 5 chromosomes. The isoelectric points of McALMT proteins varied greatly (6.54 to 9.20), all lacked signal peptides, contained 5 to 18 transmembrane domains, and were mainly localized to the plasma membrane. Phylogenetic analysis showed that McALMT and Arabidopsis ALMT (AtALMT) proteins were clustered into 5 clades, and members within the same clade had similar gene structures and conserved motifs. The promoter regions were rich in cis-acting elements such as those responding to salt stress and plant hormones. Expression profile analysis showed that McALMT2 was expressed in roots, stems, and leaves, with higher expression levels in stems and leaves; McALMT1, McALMT8, and McALMT9 exhibited obvious stem tissue preference. Under salt stress, McALMT4 maintained a relatively high expression level at all time points, while McALMT1, McALMT2, and McALMT7 exhibited an obvious temporal dynamic response pattern at 5 days of salt stress.

De novo transcriptome sequencing and candidate SSR/SNP marker analysis of Acer miaotaiense from the Duheyuan Nature Reserve

WAN Dan, ZHANG Xiao, HE Bo-xuan, WANG Yang, ZHONG Chang-long

2026, 65(9): 216-221. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.034

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To construct transcriptomic sequence resources for Acer miaotaiense and identify candidate molecular marker loci, leaf samples from six individual trees collected in the Duheyuan Nature Reserve were used as materials and subjected to de novo transcriptome sequencing using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, followed by functional annotation and identification of simple sequence repeat(SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. The results showed that a total of 39 387 509 162 bp of clean data were obtained from the six samples, with Q30 values of 89.76%-94.02% and GC contents of 43.76%-44.31%. Through Trinity assembly, 98 641 transcripts and 43 501 unigenes were generated, with an average unigene length of 1 119.20 bp and an N50 of 2 082 bp. Among these, 26 276 unigenes were annotated in at least one database. In total, 11 738 candidate SSR loci were detected, with mononucleotide repeats being the most abundant type. In each sample, 111 195-117 726 candidate SNP loci were detected, with heterozygous SNPs predominating.

Digital village development, rural entrepreneurship activity, and new rural collective economy

ZHAI Fu-yi, GUO Hai-hong

2026, 65(9): 222-230. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.035

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To explore the impact and mechanisms of digital village construction on the growth of the new rural collective economy, based on provincial-level panel data from China covering the period 2012-2022, the two-way fixed effects, mediation effects, and threshold effects were used to empirically examine the impact, transmission mechanisms, nonlinearity, and heterogeneity of digital village construction on the growth of new rural collective economy. The results showed that digital village construction significantly promoted the growth of new rural collective economy. This promotion occurred by enhancing rural entrepreneurial activity. The impact of digital village construction on new rural collective economy was influenced by its own dual threshold effects, exhibiting a nonlinear pattern with increasing marginal effects. The impact exhibited pronounced regional heterogeneity, with significantly stronger enhancement effects observed in central China and major grain-consuming regions. Based on these findings, recommendations of strengthening the systematic advancement and endogenous motivation cultivation of digital village construction,focusing on stimulating and optimizing rural entrepreneurial vitality and implementing differentiated and targeted policy interventions were put forward.

The spatiotemporal evolution and spatial spillover effects of coupling coordination degree of high-quality agricultural development and rural revitalization

SUN Yang, HUANG Fu-jiang, LI Shu-rong, XIA Wen-hao

2026, 65(9): 231-241. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.036

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Based on panel data from 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in China from 2014 to 2023, the entropy weight method, coupling coordination analysis, kernel density estimation, obstacle factor analysis, and the spatial Durbin model were employed to explore the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and obstacle factors of the coupling coordination between high-quality agricultural development and rural revitalization. The results showed that from 2014 to 2023, the coupling coordination degree between high-quality agricultural development and rural revitalization across China exhibited a significantly positive spatial correlation in geographic space, with prominent regional disparities. The national kernel density curve displayed a unimodal agglomeration feature. Among the obstacle factors restricting high-quality agricultural development, the number of domestic patent applications accepted ranked as the most significant obstacle factor, while rural electricity consumption was the primary obstacle factor hindering rural revitalization. Agricultural innovation input exerted a significantly positive driving effect on the coupling coordination degree, accompanied by strong spatial spillover effects. Therefore, efforts should be intensified to increase investment in agricultural resources, and regional coordination should be integrated with targeted regulation to promote high-quality coordinated development across all regions.

Optimization of high-quality farmer training system based on the ADDIE model： A case study of Hubei Province

MA Wen-jie, ZHOU Jia-li, YAO Ke-yi

2026, 65(9): 242-248. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.037

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To address practical challenges in high-quality farmer training, including misalignment between supply and demand, insufficient learning-to-practice conversion efficiency, and lack of systemic closed-loop mechanisms,5 608 farmer training demand survey responses from Hubei Province were analyzed using the ADDIE model as a systematic framework. Through descriptive statistics and cross-analysis methods, a five-phase evaluation covering analysis, design, development, implementation, and assessment was conducted to systematically diagnose operational effectiveness and shortcomings in Hubei’s training system. The survey revealed high overall trainee satisfaction, yet identified issues such as imprecise demand alignment, limited course practicality, monotonous implementation models, and inadequate follow-up services. Training needs exhibited significant variations across age groups and industry types. Based on findings and ADDIE model insights, systematic improvement strategies focusing on demand precision, modularized curricula, diversified methodologies, and sustainable service delivery were proposed. The study emphasized that high-quality farmer training systems must prioritize farmer-centric and outcome-oriented approaches, transitioning from experience-based methods to systematic design frameworks and shifting from short-term intensive training to long-term follow-up programs. These findings provided empirical evidence and practical references for establishing efficient, adaptive, and iteratively optimized training systems across Hubei Province and nationwide.

Study on the protection, inheritance, and revitalization of Qichun Artemisia argyi agricultural cultural heritage

XIA Yan-yang, FENG Xiao, CHEN Jie, ZUO Lu, CHEN Xing-lin, ZHANG Cong

2026, 65(9): 249-254. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.09.038

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The Artemisia argyi cultural system in Qichun, Hubei Province has accumulated the essence of traditional Chinese medicine culture for more than 500 years, forming a complete system integrating planting, processing and application. Through field research and data collation, its regional distribution, the characteristics of core protected areas and core protection elements were systematically analyzed, the prominent problems and endangered risks in the protection and inheritance of the heritage, such as ecological environment, industrial development and resource inheritance, were examined, activation and utilization countermeasures from six aspects including the protection of traditional knowledge and the cultivation of inheritors were put forward, and the construction of policy support system was combined to provide theoretical reference and practical path for the living inheritance and industrialization development of Qichun Artemisia argyi agricultural cultural heritage.

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