Table of Content

25 October 2026, Volume 65 Issue 10

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Special Topic：Crop Germplasm and Breeding of New Varieties

Research status and prospect of drought-resistant gene mining from molecular mechanisms to breeding utilization in wheat

WU Bo-xiao, LIU Wei, KEM SENOU Pavel Dary, WANG Xiao-yan, TANG Yi-miao

2026, 65(10):  1-9.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.001

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The mining of drought-resistant genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was systematically reviewed. The response mechanisms of wheat to drought stress were elaborated from two aspects: physiological processes including water absorption and utilization as well as osmotic balance maintenance, and ABA-dependent and ABA-independent molecular signaling pathways. Common technical approaches in relevant research included genetic mapping, multi-omics analysis and gene functional validation. The identified drought-resistant genes mainly fell into categories of transcription factors, osmotic regulation, ROS scavenging and signal transduction. Their functional characteristics and regulatory modes were summarized. Moreover, the application status of marker-assisted selection, gene editing and other technologies in drought-resistant breeding was outlined. There still existed prominent limitations in wheat drought-resistance gene research, such as complex and redundant genome structure, low breeding transformation efficiency of QTLs, insufficient field validation of gene effects, backward phenotyping techniques for root traits, and the difficulty in effective utilization of wild relative resources. Future studies should strengthen the excavation of excellent drought-resistant genes from wild relatives, optimize gene-editing and marker-assisted selection technologies, and promote the pyramiding improvement of multiple desirable traits including drought resistance, high yield, heat tolerance and disease resistance, so as to provide theoretical basis and technical approaches for molecular breeding of drought-resistant wheat.

High-efficiency creation and analysis of new tetraploid rice germplasm

SHU Yuan-yuan, ZHANG Xian-hua, MA Xue-han

2026, 65(10):  10-15.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.002

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A total of 500 diverse diploid rice materials, including 313 indica and 187 japonica accessions, were collected. Calli were treated with colchicine for chromosome doubling. Three approaches, namely morphological identification, root-tip chromosome counting and flow cytometry analysis, were adopted for ploidy identification. Fifty pairs (100 accessions in total) of diploid-tetraploid materials were further selected for comparative analysis of agronomic traits including plant height, grain length, grain width, 1 000-grain weight, seed-setting rate and growth duration. In total, 208 new autotetraploid rice germplasms were obtained, with an average doubling efficiency of 41.6%. The doubling efficiency of japonica (46.5%) was higher than that of indica (38.7%). Compared with their diploid counterparts, 78% of autotetraploid plants exhibited dwarfing. All tetraploid accessions showed enlarged grain length and grain width, as well as increased 1 000-grain weight, with a maximum increment of 140.5%. Their growth duration was prolonged by 10.3% on average (from 98.1 d to 108.2 d). By contrast, seed-setting rate decreased in all tetraploid materials, dropping from 73.3% to 31.0% on average.

Breeding and application of Fudao 881, a new early-maturing medium rice variety with high combining ability, good grain quality and blast resistance

DU Xue-shu, WAN Bing-liang, TONG Sheng-qiang, YANG Da-bing, SHI Huan, HU Liang, XIA Ming-yuan, ZHU Han-qiao, BAI Xiao-zhong, XIE Lei, LI Jin-bo

2026, 65(10):  16-19.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.003

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Fudao 881 is a new conventional long-grain rice variety developed by pedigree selection through crossing Fudao 88 (recurrent parent) with Xiadao 1. It was approved by the Hubei Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2025. This variety exhibited high grain yield, superior grain quality, good rice blast resistance and high combining ability, and could be utilized as an elite restorer line for developing new hybrid rice combinations. The main agronomic characteristics, yield performance, grain quality, disease resistance and hybrid combination preparation of Fudao 881 were introduced.

Breeding and characteristics of a high-quality table-type sweet potato variety Chuanshu 251

QIAO Shuai, TAN Wen-fang, WANG Fang, YANG Chang-feng, LIAO An-zhong, SONG Wei, YANG Song-tao

2026, 65(10):  20-23.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.004

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To develop a high-quality table-type sweet [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] potato variety adapted to the production requirements of Sichuan Province and the Southwest Sweet Potato Region of China, a hybridization was conducted using Chuanshu 228 as the female parent and elite line Chuanshu 1386 as the male parent. Through successive selection of seedling progenies, line evaluation, regional trials, and production trials, Chuanshu 251,a new table-type sweet potato variety, was developed. The growth period of Chuanshu 251 was approximately 125 days. The plants exhibited a semi-erect growth habit, and the storage roots were spindle-shaped with red skin and orange-red flesh. The variety was characterized by concentrated root setting and good marketability. The dry matter content, starch content, crude protein content, soluble sugar content, and β-carotene content were 25.30%, 12.90%, 2.02%, 7.41%, and 8.34 mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively, indicating excellent eating quality. Chuanshu 251 showed moderate resistance to black rot and stem nematode disease. In the Sichuan Provincial Regional Trials, the average fresh root yield over two years reached 39 409.50 kg/hm², representing a 24.80% increase compared with the control cultivar. Chuanshu 251 was characterized by high and stable yield, attractive root appearance, superior quality, and wide adaptability. It was officially registered as a national non-major crop variety in 2026 and was suitable for promotion and cultivation as a high-quality table-type sweet potato variety in Sichuan Province and the Southwest Sweet Potato Region of China.

Differences in yield components of direct-seeded rice at different altitudes in the Wuling Mountains

JIE Chun-yu, LUO Hang, HAN Yu, WU Yao, DU Xing, YAN Shun, CHEN Ji-fu, WANG Lin

2026, 65(10):  24-31.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.005

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To clarify the differences in yield formation and its key influencing factors of direct-seeded rice under different altitudes in the Wuling Mountains, three experimental sites at altitudes of 430 m (Enshi City), 790 m (Xianfeng County) and 1 100 m (Lichuan City) were selected. Three hybrid indica rice varieties and three conventional indica rice varieties were used as test materials. The effects of altitude on growth duration, population tillering, dry-matter accumulation, yield-component traits and harvest index of direct-seeded rice were systematically evaluated. The results showed that with the increase of altitude, the average whole-growth duration of direct-seeded rice extended from 110 d to 136 d, and the average plant height decreased from 117.8 cm to 98.6 cm. The maximum tiller number and total above-ground biomass increased obviously, while the panicle-bearing rate and seed-setting rate decreased significantly. Analysis of variance showed that the main effects of altitude and variety were extremely significant for effective panicle number, total spikelet number, spikelet number per panicle, seed-setting rate, 1 000-grain weight and grain yield of direct-seeded rice (P<0.01). The interaction effect between altitude and variety was extremely significant for spikelet number per panicle and 1 000-grain weight (P<0.01), and significant for grain yield (P<0.05). The average grain yield at 1 100 m altitude (8.69 t/hm²) was significantly higher than that at 430 m (7.73 t/hm²) and 790 m (7.59 t/hm²). Correlation analysis indicated that altitude was significantly positively correlated with maximum tiller number, total biomass, effective panicle number, total spikelet number and 1 000-grain weight, whereas it was significantly negatively correlated with seed-setting rate. Varieties differed in their responses to altitude. Hybrid indica rice exhibited obvious overall advantages, among which Anliangyou 2 showed high and stable yield across the three altitude sites. In conclusion, high-yield potential of direct-seeded indica rice at high altitudes in the Wuling Mountains could be realized by enlarging sink size and increasing grain weight. In production, hybrid rice varieties with coordinated panicle-grain traits and strong cold tolerance should be prioritized, combined with early sowing at appropriate time and optimized water-fertilizer management.

Resource & Environment

Advances in Rhizobium-soil microorganisms interactions

SUN Ying-qi, JIANG Chao, ZHANG Yue, YU De-shui, ZHU Jia-nan

2026, 65(10):  32-42.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.006

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Rhizobium, as a key symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microorganism in leguminous plants, plays an important role in maintaining soil ecological functions and supporting sustainable agricultural development through its interactions with the soil microbiome. The effects and interactions between Rhizobium and soil microorganisms were systematically summarized, with a focus on signal exchange, synergistic symbiosis, and nutrient competition. Furthermore, the impacts of interactions between Rhizobium and soil microorganisms on plant nutrient acquisition, disease resistance,soil ecological processes, and their potential applications in agricultural practices were elaborated. Finally, future research directions were discussed, particularly the development of synthetic microbial communities. This study provided an in-depth analysis of the Rhizobium-microbiome interaction mechanisms, offering a crucial theoretical foundation and practical pathway for the development of novel microbial fertilizers and the advancement of green agriculture.

Engineering construction of cold-tolerant microbial inoculant and its application on stress resistance and yield increase of cold-region crops

SHANG Liang, CAO Xu, JIANG Chao, WANG Xiao-yong, FAN Chuan, CHEN Jing-yu, MENG Li-qiang

2026, 65(10):  43-50.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.007

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To break through the application bottleneck of low activity and poor colonization of conventional microbial inoculants under the combined stress of low temperature and soil-borne diseases in cold-region agriculture, this paper systematically reviewed the multifunctional synergistic mechanisms of cold-tolerant microbial inoculants, including direct cold resistance, nutrient activation, and biological control, and analyzed the core challenges in the transformation from laboratory strains to field products, such as stability, ecological competition, and predictability of effects. On this basis, this paper proposed to shift the research and development paradigm from reliance on natural screening to rational design based on adaptive evolution, mutagenesis breeding, and synthetic biology, thereby actively integrating excellent agronomic traits and environmental adaptability through targeted cold-tolerance modification of existing high-efficiency functional strains. In response to the ecological interactions between exogenous microorganisms and indigenous microorganisms and their colonization barriers, strategies such as pre-adaptation acclimation, niche engineering, and functional gene insertion were proposed. Meanwhile, by integrating cutting-edge technologies such as smart material delivery, microbial community construction, and big data-based precision application, the future development direction of intelligent responsive microbial inoculants was envisioned.Promoting the shift of cold-tolerant microbial inoculants from functional design to ecological integration was a key technological path to achieving green and efficient transformation in cold-region agriculture, and it also clarified the development direction and implementation path for microbial technology innovation in climate-resilient agriculture.

Effects of tobacco straw organic fertilizer on soil nutrients, tobacco growth and quality in tobacco-planting soils under different cropping systems

WANG Yu-jie, WU Dong-ling, MIAO Pu, ZHENG Xue-bo, CHEN Xue-lai, LI Hai-bin, WANG Hui, XU Yan-li

2026, 65(10):  51-58.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.008

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To determine the appropriate application rate of tobacco straw organic fertilizer in continuous cropping and non-continuous cropping tobacco fields and to systematically evaluate its comprehensive effects on soil properties, tobacco growth and tobacco leaf quality, a field randomized block experiment was conducted in tobacco-growing areas of Luoyang, Henan Province, using a five-year continuous cropping plot and a tobacco-wheat rotation (non-continuous cropping) plot, with the application of 450 kg/hm² chemical compound fertilizer alone as the control, and with three organic fertilizer application rates of 3 000, 6 000 and 9 000 kg/hm², each combined with 450 kg/hm² chemical compound fertilizer. Based on the measured data of soil physical and chemical properties, microbial community indicators, and tobacco yield and quality, and combined with the comprehensive loading scores of different treatments obtained by principal component analysis, the comprehensive evaluation results showed that under non-continuous cropping conditions, the 3 000 kg/hm² treatment had the best overall improvement effect on soil physical and chemical properties, microbial communities, and tobacco yield and quality; under continuous cropping conditions, the 9 000 kg/hm² treatment showed the best overall effect, but the 6 000 kg/hm² treatment was the most prominent among all continuous cropping treatments in output value and yield.

Spatial optimization allocation of water and fertilizer management measures and their nitrogen reduction potential in paddy field systems of the Yangtze River Basin

ZHOU Yi-chen, RUAN Shu-he, CEN Jun-yi, WANG Zi-jun, KONG Xiang-qiong, ZHUANG Yan-hua

2026, 65(10):  59-67.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.009

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Agronomic management practices and water-soil-atmosphere environmental background data from 271 field observation sites from 1980 to 2021 were integrated. Based on the established indicator system, the spatial pattern of potential application and comprehensive benefits of four types of water-saving irrigation and eight types of optimized fertilization measures across the Yangtze River Basin were systematically evaluated. The results showed significant spatial heterogeneity in the suitable areas for water-fertilizer measures. Shallow-wet irrigation and slow-controlled release fertilizer exhibited high suitability, covering 91.06% and 100.00% of paddy areas in the Yangtze River Basin, respectively. Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and rainfall-harvesting irrigation had relatively narrow suitable ranges, accounting for 30.25% and 4.11% of the study area, respectively. Scenario simulation indicated that individual water-saving irrigation measures could increase rice yield by 0.59%-12.01% and reduce total nitrogen (TN) emissions by 17.62%-38.70%. Except for fertilizer reduction which posed yield-reduction risks, individual optimized fertilization measures increased rice yield by 4.12%-7.89% and achieved TN emission reduction of 0.80%-37.28%. Synergistic water-fertilizer management greatly enhanced the TN reduction rate, reaching 45.51%-68.94%. Among all scenarios, the combined optimization of fertilizer reduction + slow-controlled release fertilizer + straw returning + shallow-wet irrigation achieved the maximum nitrogen reduction rate. Therefore, source-differentiated emission reduction possessed great potential.

Effects of carbon-based amendments on rhizosphere soil nutrient content and cotton growth at the flowering-boll stage in saline soil

ZHENG Shu-hui, WANG Yao-feng, LI Ai-sha, ZHOU Yu-chao, Ainiguli Yiming

2026, 65(10):  68-76.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.010

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Aiming at the problems of inhibited cotton growth and low yield caused by low soil nutrient retention capacity in saline cotton fields, saline soil and cotton were taken as research materials. Eight treatments were set, including control (CK), biochar (BC), organic fertilizer (OF), combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer (BOF), oxalic acid (OA), glucose (GLU), and two combined treatments of oxalic acid and glucose (OG1, OG2). The regulatory effects of different amendment measures on rhizosphere soil nutrient content, root physiological characteristics, root architecture, and yield of cotton at the flowering-boll stage were systematically evaluated. The results showed that compared with CK, BC exhibited the most significant improvement in rhizosphere soil organic carbon, while OF stably increased soil nitrogen and potassium contents. The BOF treatment achieved the best comprehensive effects in improving available phosphorus, available potassium, total nitrogen and total potassium contents. In terms of plant growth, BC, OF and BOF significantly promoted plant height, stem diameter, leaf SPAD value, above-ground dry matter accumulation and root development of cotton, and greatly enhanced root antioxidant capacity, with BOF showing the optimal effect. All treatments significantly increased plant number, boll number and yield of cotton, and BOF had the best improvement effect, followed by BC and OF. In conclusion, the application of carbon-based amendments could improve rhizosphere soil nutrient status, enhance root antioxidant enzyme activity, promote root development, and ultimately increase cotton yield under saline soil conditions.

Characteristics and influencing factors of soil profile salinity in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture

HAN Chen-yang, WANG Peng-fei, FAN Yan-min, LI Yun-hao, ZHAO Jia-hao, Zanurran Wusiman

2026, 65(10):  77-86.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.011

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Clarifying the differentiation characteristics of salinity in soil profiles and its major influencing factors in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang could provide references for salinization prevention and control as well as soil water-salt regulation in arid oasis areas. Taking Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture as the study area, based on the field-measured salinity data from five soil layers within 0-100 cm depth at 426 soil profiles in 2024,descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Dunn-Bonferroni multiple comparison, Spearman correlation analysis and random forest importance ranking were used to analyze the vertical variation of soil salinity and its differences among various land-use types, soil types and geomorphic types. The results showed that the soil salinity at 20-40 cm was relatively low, and the salinity increased with soil depth below 40 cm, presenting a salt accumulation feature in the middle and deep soil layers. The salinity of each soil layer exhibited strong variability. For different land-use types, soil salinity generally followed the order of Gobi desert > grassland > forestland > cultivated land. Among various soil types, desert solonchak, gray-brown desert soil and meadow solonchak had relatively high salt content. In terms of geomorphic types, the platform possessed higher salinity while mountain areas had lower values. Random forest and correlation analyses revealed that elevation ranked first in importance across all five soil layers, with contribution proportions of 13.68%-16.60%, and it was significantly negatively correlated with soil salinity. Hydrothermal factors including precipitation, aridity index, evapotranspiration and soil moisture also made considerable contributions to soil salinity. The profile differentiation of soil salinity in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture was jointly affected by topography and geomorphology, hydrothermal conditions, soil genesis background and human activities. Among them, elevation and its characterization of the geomorphic differentiation process were important comprehensive indicators affecting the variation of soil salinity in the 0-100 cm soil layer.

Climatic characteristics of wind energy resources and analysis of wind-solar complementary utilization in the Pan-Gonghe Basin

JIN Xin, LIU Cai-hong, TAO Shi-yin, YU Di, DONG Yuan-zhen, SUN Chao-yang

2026, 65(10):  87-91.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.012

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To clarify the wind energy resource endowment and development potential of the Pan-Gonghe Basin, based on the mesoscale model (WRF) and the dynamic diagnostic model (CALMET), combined with the observation data from 10 meteorological stations in the Pan-Gonghe Basin from 1961 to 2021, a numerical simulation of wind energy resources was carried out, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of mean wind speed and wind power density at heights of 10 m and 100 m were analyzed, and the complementary utilization potential of wind and solar energy resources was explored. The results showed that from 1961 to 2021, the mean wind speeds at heights of 10 m and 100 m in the Pan-Gonghe Basin both exhibited a distribution trend of being higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast. At the height of 10 m, Chaka and Gangcha had the highest mean wind speeds, which were 3.01 m/s and 3.15 m/s, respectively; at the height of 100 m, the high-value areas of mean wind speed were mainly located in southern Gangcha, most parts of Gonghe, eastern Wulan, and western Xinghai, with mean wind speeds reaching 6.30 to 9.56 m/s. From the perspective of seasonal variation characteristics, wind energy resources were highly concentrated in spring, and the differences in wind energy resources among summer, autumn and winter were relatively small. Wind energy and solar energy resources exhibited good complementarity. The Pan-Gonghe Basin was rich in wind energy resources and had superior development conditions, and the wind-solar complementary mode could effectively enhance the stability and cleanliness of energy supply.

Plant Protection

Identification of the pathogen causing anthracnose on Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. and screening of antifungal activities of Chinese herbal extracts

LI Xing-hong, XING Ling-kai, HE Yan-qiu, CUI Xiao-fang, LI Wei-wen, CHI Yuan-kai, XU A-mei, ZHAO Wei, XIE Dong-mei

2026, 65(10):  92-97.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.013

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To explore the types of pathogenic fungi causing anthracnose on Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. in Anhui Province, pathogenic fungi were isolated from anthracnose samples of Trichosanthes kirilowii by the tissue isolation method, and were identified through pathogenicity testing, morphological and molecular biological analysis. The results showed that the new type of anthracnose pathogen on Trichosanthes kirilowii was Colletotrichum aenigma. Further, 20 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine extracts were selected, and the mycelial growth rate method was used to determine their antifungal activity against the Colletotrichum pathogen on Trichosanthes kirilowii. The extract with the best antifungal effect was screened out and indoor toxicity determination was carried out. The results showed that when the mass concentration of the extracts was 15 mg/mL, the extracts of Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br., Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss., and Sophora flavescens Ait. all showed good antifungal activity, and the inhibition rates of Macleaya cordata extract against Colletotrichum aenigma and the other three Colletotrichum species all exceeded 80%, with EC₅₀ of 0.949 7-4.282 0 mg/mL. Colletotrichum aenigma was the pathogen first discovered from cultivated Trichosanthes kirilowii, and Macleaya cordata extract had a significant inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of this pathogen and the other three Colletotrichum species.

Isolation and identification of a mesosulfuron-methyl-tolerant bacterium strain

LANG Jian-feng, WU Yan-bing, WANG Gui-feng

2026, 65(10):  98-101.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.014

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To investigate the tolerance mechanisms of soil microorganisms to mesosulfuron-methyl and to screen for functional strains with environmental adaptability, a strain exhibiting tolerance to this herbicide was isolated and screened from soil with a long-term history of mesosulfuron-methyl application. The target strain was systematically identified through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results showed that the isolated strain J-1 was a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacterium, catalase-positive, capable of utilizing citrate, hydrolyzing starch, gelatin, and esculin, and decomposing urea, and growing well at 7% NaCl concentration. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence homology analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis, strain J-1 exhibited the closest phylogenetic relationship to Microbacterium resistens. Combined with its physiological and biochemical characteristics, the strain was identified as Microbacterium resistens. This strain was able to stably survive and grow in both nutrient-rich (beef extract-peptone medium) and nutrient-limited (soil extract) conditions containing mesosulfuron-methyl (50 mg/L).

Horticulture & Local Products

Mating-type identification and directed hybridization breeding of single-spore strains of Pholiota nameko

WANG Jun-shen, HE Yan, LIU Wen-ying, WU Zhe-zhe, HE Xiao-long, LIU Bo

2026, 65(10):  102-108.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.015

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To screen for Pholiota nameko hybrid strains with potential breeding value, six closely related strains of the genus Pholiota were used as experimental materials. Pure mycelial cultures were obtained by the tissue isolation method, and molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis were performed based on ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequences. In addition, specific primers targeting the A mating-type locus were used for PCR amplification to detect the mating-type genes of the parental strains and their monospore isolates. Subsequently, monospore isolates with different mating types were paired for cross-hybridization, and the resulting hybrid strains were preliminarily screened by antagonism tests. The results showed that the six tested strains were classified into three species. Specifically, strain G6 was identified as Pholiota nameko, strain G4 as Pholiota limonella, and strains G1, G2, G3, and G5 as Pholiota microspora, with certain phylogenetic differentiation observed among the tested strains. A total of six A mating-type factors, namely A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6, were detected among the tested strains, and the mating-type genotypes of the six parental strains G1-G6 were A1A2, A2A4, A1A4, A3A5, A5A6, and A3A4, respectively. A total of 112 cross combinations were obtained through monospore × monospore hybridization, and 18 candidate hybrid strains with stable genetic traits were finally selected through antagonism testing.

Effects of iron fertilizer spraying on growth and leaf physiology of Encore^® azalea

CAI Man-li, YANG Ya-ying, HUANG Juan, GUO Chong-yan, FAN Fang-xi, WANG Zhen, ZHOU Yong-hui, CAI Ji-hong, WANG Yue, CHEN Yuan-hua

2026, 65(10):  109-113.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.016

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Different concentrations of ferrous sulfate (0.2, 1.0, and 2.0 g/L) were applied through foliar spraying to systematically analyze their effects on the growth and leaf physiological indices of Rhododendron ‘Red Tiara’. The results showed a concentration-dependent effect of iron fertilizer; the 1.0 g/L ferrous sulfate treatment significantly promoted biomass accumulation, plant height growth, and root development in Rhododendron ‘Red Tiara’, with total plant biomass increasing by 21.6% compared to the control. In contrast, the 2.0 g/L ferrous sulfate treatment inhibited growth, significantly reducing total root length, root surface area, and soluble sugar content. The SPAD value was highest under the 0.2 g/L ferrous sulfate treatment, while no significant differences were observed in soluble protein content among treatments. In conclusion, 1.0 g/L was the suitable concentration for foliar iron fertilizer(ferrous sulfate) in Rhododendron ‘Red Tiara’, while excessive application might induce iron stress.

Effects of β-cyclocitral on physiology and rhizosphere microorganisms of watermelon seedlings under salt stress

GUO Xu-ruixue, PING Zhi-yu, CHEN Xiao-feng

2026, 65(10):  114-121.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.017

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To investigate the physiological mechanism of β-cyclocitral (βcyc), as a retrograde signaling molecule in alleviating salt stress in watermelon, photosynthetic CO₂ response curves were measured using a Li-6800 portable photosynthesis system. Combined with enzyme activity assays and high-throughput sequencing technology, principal component analysis (PCA) and grey relational analysis (GRA) were employed to construct a systematic evaluation model to analyze the changes in growth, physiological and biochemical indices, and rhizosphere microbial communities. The results showed that NaCl stress alone significantly inhibited the growth and photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity of watermelon seedlings. Under non-stress conditions, the application of βcyc alone led to an increase in the chlorophyll a/b ratio and the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), inducing a mild oxidative stress in the plants. However, under salt stress, βcyc treatment significantly increased the activities of leaf catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), and decreased the MDA content by 74.9% compared to NaCl stress alone, thereby alleviating cell membrane damage. Photosynthetic physiological analysis revealed that βcyc not only maintained a relatively high stomatal conductance (G_s), but also enhanced the carbon assimilation capacity of plants under high CO₂ concentrations, maintaining the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) at levels comparable to the control. Furthermore, βcyc treatment altered the rhizosphere bacterial community structure, and the enrichment of core beneficial bacterial taxa exhibited a significant positive correlation with the improvement of aboveground physiological indices. βcyc could activate the antioxidant defense system of watermelon seedlings, alleviate salt stress-induced damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, and promote the enrichment of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms. This demonstrated a synergistic effect of “aboveground physiological defense and belowground microecological improvement”, thereby enhancing the salt tolerance of watermelon seedlings.

Effects of reducing chemical fertilizer and applying different organic fertilizers on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco

TAN Zi-di, JIANG Shi-xiang, FAN Shi-qing, LIN Mu-sen, WU You, HUANG Chun-yang, YAN Jin-shen, CAI Yi-xia, WANG Wei

2026, 65(10):  122-128.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.018

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To investigate the effects of applying different types of organic fertilizers on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco under reduced chemical fertilizer conditions, based on the principle of “equivalent nitrogen replacement”, a treatment group without organic fertilizer was established as the control(CK), and treatment groups were set up by replacing 20%(T1, K1), 40%(T2, K2) and 60%(T3, K3) of the tobacco-specific compound fertilizer with sesame cake fertilizer(T) and rapeseed cake fertilizer(K), respectively. The experiment was conducted in Zunyi City, Guizhou Province. The results revealed that treatment T2 achieved the highest comprehensive score of tobacco yield and quality, indicating the optimal overall performance, followed by T1 and K2. Key agronomic traits including middle leaf length and middle leaf width under T2 were significantly superior to those of other treatments, with increments of 16.31% and 13.73% relative to the control(CK), respectively. Treatment T2 exhibited prominent economic performance, with both yield and output value being the highest, increasing by 64.65% and 94.13%, respectively, compared with CK. The reducing sugar content of K2 reached 30.06%, significantly higher than that of the other treatments except K1; nevertheless, T2 possessed superior coordination of chemical components with a comprehensive chemical quality score of 88.39, while K2 ranked second in overall chemical performance. T2 obtained an appearance quality score of 93.17, which was 38.71% higher than that of CK. In terms of sensory quality, T2 performed best in after taste and aroma quantity and attained the highest comprehensive sensory score, with K2 as the secondary performer. In conclusion, reducing the application of chemical fertilizer by 40% and combining it with sesame cake fertilizer (T2) could effectively promote the growth of Yunyan 87, increase its yield and overall quality.

Medicinal Plant

Effects of different fertilization treatments on the yield and quality of Rheum officinale Baill. and soil fertility

WANG Fan-fan, DUAN Yuan-yuan, TANG Tao, WU Jia-qi, WANG Xiao-yue, ZHOU Wu-xian, YOU Jing-mao

2026, 65(10):  129-135.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.019

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To investigate the effects of different fertilization treatments on the yield and quality of Rheum officinale Baill. and on soil fertility, two-year-old rhizome buds of Rheum officinale were used as experimental materials. A total of four fertilization treatments were established: T1 (full rate of chemical fertilizer), T2 (reduced rate of chemical fertilizer combined with microbial fertilizer), T3 (reduced rate of chemical fertilizer combined with calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer), and T4 (reduced rate of chemical fertilizer combined with microbial fertilizer and calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer), with no fertilization as the control (CK). The leaf physiological indices, yield, anthraquinone contents, and soil enzyme activities and soil nutrient contents were determined, and principal component analysis was used to calculate the soil integrated fertility index (IFI) and the comprehensive effect index (CE) based on yield and anthraquinone content. The results showed that, compared with CK, all fertilization treatments significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content and decreased peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content; they also increased soil urease, alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, and CAT activities and soil nutrient contents; and significantly increased the yield and total and free anthraquinone contents of Rheum officinale. There was no significant difference in yield between T1 and T2, and T2 showed good performance in increasing soil enzyme activities and overall soil fertility. The IFI values followed the order T1 > T2 > T3 > T4 > CK, and the CE values followed the order T1 > T2 > T4 > T3. All fertilization treatments improved the yield and quality of Rheum officinale as well as soil fertility. Although T1 produced the highest short-term comprehensive effect, T2 maintained yield and improved quality while effectively improving soil fertility, and thus achieved better overall benefits, which was recommended as a fertilization regime for the ecological cultivation of Rheum officinale in Enshi Prefecture.

Effects of shading and full sunlight on the leaf morphology and photosynthetic characteristics of Polygonatum zanlanscianense and Polygonatum sibiricum

GUO Rui, LI Lin, LUO Cheng, ZHANG Ze-zhi

2026, 65(10):  136-141.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.020

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Taking Polygonatum zanlanscianense and Polygonatum sibiricum as the research objects, two light treatments (full sunlight and 60%-65% shading) were established to evaluate the effects of light environment on maximum leaf morphology, stem diameter, chlorophyll SPAD values, and photosynthetic parameters of the two Polygonatum species. The results showed that shading made the leaves of both species thinner and more elongated. The leaf length and leaf shape index of Polygonatum zanlanscianense reached their maximum values under shading. Shading had no significant effect on stem diameter, which was mainly determined by species. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that species had a significant (P<0.05) or highly significant (P<0.01) influence on most morphological and photosynthetic indicators, with the exception of chlorophyll SPAD value. Shading significantly regulated leaf length (P<0.05), leaf width (P<0.01), leaf shape index (P<0.01), and leaf area (P<0.01). The interaction between the two factors had a significant effect only on leaf shape index (P<0.01). For Polygonatum zanlanscianense, leaf area showed strong linear correlations with leaf length (R²=0.90) and leaf width (R²=0.89) under shading, whereas the correlations among morphological indicators of Polygonatum sibiricum were generally not significant across all light treatments, indicating that Polygonatum zanlanscianense had stronger morphological plasticity in maximum leaves. In terms of photosynthetic parameters, Polygonatum sibiricum showed the highest net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate under full sunlight. Polygonatum zanlanscianense had the lowest chlorophyll SPAD value under shading, and its intercellular CO₂ concentration was significantly lower than that of Polygonatum sibiricum. Species had a significant effect on transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, chamber CO₂ concentration, and intercellular CO₂ concentration, whereas shading and the interaction had no significant effects on these photosynthetic parameters. Polygonatum zanlanscianense and Polygonatum sibiricum showed interspecific differences in morphological plasticity and photosynthetic physiology, and therefore zone-based cultivation should be implemented in production based on their light adaptability.

Stage-specific responses of key quality indicators of Artemisia argyi ‘Qiai’ to meteorological factors

LI Cheng, ZHU Qian-nan, LIU Jun, FU Yu, YU Kai, CHEN Zheng-hong

2026, 65(10):  142-149.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.021

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To investigate the key meteorological factors influencing the quality formation of the geo-authentic medicinal herb Qiai (Artemisia argyi ‘Qiai’) and their stage-specific effects, measured data on volatile oil content, total flavonoid content, and calorific value from 28 batches of Qiai leaves collected in Qichun County, Hubei Province, from 2016 to 2025 were analyzed together with concurrent daily meteorological data. In addition to conventional meteorological variables, indices such as the moisture index, the number of high-humidity and low-temperature days, and the number of consecutive rainy days were constructed. Pearson correlation, Spearman rank correlation, and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze the relationships between meteorological factors from January to May and the quality indicators of Qiai. The results showed that all three quality indicators exhibited interannual variations, with total flavonoid content showing the highest coefficient of variation (37.89%) and calorific value showing the lowest (6.39%). Volatile oil content responded significantly to moisture and humidity conditions. The number of days with relative humidity ≤50% during the whole growth period was positively correlated with volatile oil content, whereas total precipitation and the number of high-humidity and low-temperature days in February were negatively correlated with it; the number of days with relative humidity ≤50% in May was also positively correlated with volatile oil content. Total flavonoid content showed stage-specific responses to temperature, namely being negatively correlated with the extreme maximum temperature in February and positively correlated with higher temperatures in April and May. Calorific value was closely associated with the diurnal temperature range and sunshine duration in January and the extreme maximum temperature in April, and showed a quadratic curve relationship with the diurnal temperature range (R²=0.645). The stepwise multiple regression models showed that the adjusted R² values of the models for volatile oil content, total flavonoid content, and calorific value were 0.907, 0.817, and 0.786, respectively. Specifically, total precipitation in February was negatively associated with volatile oil content; the extreme maximum temperature in February and May were negatively and positively associated with total flavonoid content, respectively; and the diurnal temperature range and sunshine duration in January, together with the extreme maximum temperature in April, were positively associated with calorific value.

Comparative study on the preparation and in vitro antibacterial activity of different solvent extracts from Baphicacanthus cusia and Strobilanthes bantonensis

CHEN Lu, LIU Yu, HUANG Dan-na, PAN Yu, LI Yin, XU Yong-li, XIAO Lu, DENG Ri-jian, WU Wu-wei

2026, 65(10):  150-154.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.022

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To compare the in vitro antibacterial activities of extracts with different polarities from Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek. and Strobilanthes bantonensis Lindau, aqueous extraction and organic solvent extraction methods were adopted to prepare extracts of the two plants using different solvents. The agar plate well diffusion method was applied to determine the in vitro bacteriostatic effects of all extracts against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The results showed that aqueous extracts, aqueous extracts obtained by water extraction and alcohol precipitation, and chloroform extracts from the two plants exhibited varying degrees of inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 5.41 to 16.99 mm, and no significant difference in antibacterial efficacy was observed between the two plant species. Petroleum ether extracts showed inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with inhibition zone diameters of 5.32-7.70 mm, and their antibacterial activities also had no significant interspecific difference. Acetone extracts and ethanol extracts of different concentrations inhibited Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zone diameters of 5.94-11.45 mm, and no significant difference in performance between the two plants. Notably, the 70% ethanol and 95% ethanol extracts of Strobilanthes bantonensis Lindau showed inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli, with inhibition zone diameters of (6.42±0.54) mm and (7.74±0.55) mm, respectively, whereas the corresponding extracts of Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek. showed no significant inhibitory effects against this bacterium.

Effects of previous crops and different soil textures on the growth and medicinal component of Cynanchum stauntonii

WANG Xu-hui, YI Shu-yuan, CHEN Fa-zhi, SHU Chang-qing, WANG Zhan-chang

2026, 65(10):  155-161.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.023

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Seedlings of Cynanchum stauntonii were transplanted into five types of previous crop soils (rice, wheat, Dianthus superbus, rapeseed, and Elsholtzia splendens) and five soil textures, namely pure sandy loam, pure clay, and their mixtures at volume ratios of 2∶1, 1∶2, and 1∶1. At harvest, eight growth indicators including plant height, crown width, leaf length, leaf width, ground diameter, thick root length, fresh weight per plant, and fresh rhizome weight per plant were measured, together with the contents of total saponins, polysaccharides, total alkaloids, and total flavonoids in the rhizomes. Correlation among these indicators was also analyzed. The results showed that previous crops significantly affected both the growth and medicinal component accumulation of Cynanchum stauntonii. The rice previous crop resulted in the greatest growth, while the wheat previous crop yielded the lowest fresh rhizome weight per plant. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of all growth indicators and rhizome yield, the five previous crop soils ranked as follows in terms of their promoting effects on the growth of Cynanchum stauntonii: Rice > Dianthus superbus > rapeseed > Elsholtzia splendens > wheat. The wheat previous crop resulted in the highest total saponin content, the Elsholtzia splendens previous crop yielded the highest polysaccharide and total flavonoid contents, and the rice previous crop produced the highest total alkaloid content. Among the five soil textures, pure sandy loam resulted in the greatest growth, while pure clay resulted in the smallest; pure clay resulted in the highest total saponin content, the 2∶1 sand-to-clay ratio resulted in the highest polysaccharide and total flavonoid contents, and pure sandy loam resulted in the highest total alkaloid content. Correlation analysis showed that fresh weight per plant was positively correlated with fresh rhizome weight per plant at a significant level, and total saponin content was positively correlated with total alkaloid content at a significant level. Under different previous crop treatments, total flavonoid content showed a significant negative correlation with polysaccharide content, while total saponins showed no significant correlation with polysaccharide content in either treatment group.

Storage & Processing

Study on optimization of ultrasonic extraction process of polyphenols from Pteris semipinnata L. by response surface methodology and its influencing factors

LI Zhao-wen, LIANG Jian-qiang, YANG Jia-mei, ZHANG Ying-ying, YIN Yue

2026, 65(10):  162-171.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.024

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To determine the optimal process conditions for ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols from Pteris semipinnata L. and to improve the extraction yield, response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction process. On the basis of single-factor experiments, five factors including solid-liquid ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction time, extraction temperature and mesh number were selected, and the extraction yield of polyphenols from Pteris semipinnata was taken as the response value; the effects of each factor and their interactions on extraction efficiency were analyzed, and the reliability of the optimized results was confirmed by validation experiments. The results showed that the order of influence of each factor on polyphenol extraction yield from high to low was extraction temperature, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, mesh number, and ethanol concentration; the optimal process conditions were solid-liquid ratio of 1∶50, ethanol concentration of 60%, extraction time of 53 min, extraction temperature of 53 ℃, and mesh number of 160, under which the polyphenol extraction yield was 25.94 mg/g, close to the model-predicted value (26.12 mg/g). This ultrasonic extraction process was stable and feasible, and the optimization effect was significant, which could provide a methodological reference for the optimization of extraction processes of polyphenols from similar plants.

Study on the use of functional microorganisms to enhance the aroma quality of fermented cigar tobacco leaves

LIN Qing, XU Dong-sheng, LIU Jian

2026, 65(10):  172-177.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.025

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To investigate the effects of concentration and coculture treatments of functional microorganisms on the aroma quality of fermented cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs), CTLs from Nanping, Fujian Province were used as raw materials. Fermentation was conducted with different Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y1 (Sc) inoculation concentrations [10⁶ CFU/g (E6), 10⁷ CFU/g (E7), and 10⁸ CFU/g (E8)] and functional microorganisms [Sc, Pichia spp. (Pi), Metschnikowia pulcherrima (Mp), Torulaspora delbrueckii Y7 (Td）] coculture patterns (Sc+Pi, Sc+Mp, and Sc+Td). The types and contents of aroma constituents in the treated CTLs were analyzed by HS-SPME-GC-MS. The results showed that the microbial concentration had a significant dose-dependent effect on the aroma constituents in CTLs. In the E6 and E8 treatments, the contents of alcohols, acids, aldehydes, and nitrogen heterocycles in CTLs were significantly higher than those in the control, and the contents of esters, ketones, and terpenes in the E8 treatment were also significantly higher. The effects of coculture treatments on aroma constituents exhibited strain-specificity. The Sc+Pi and Sc+Mp treatments significantly increased the contents of total aroma constituents, alcohols, ketones, and terpenes, with total aroma constituents increasing by 20.89% and 26.10%, respectively, compared to the control. PLS-DA further revealed obvious differences in the aroma profiles among different functional microbial concentrations and coculture treatments of fermented CTLs.

Effects of in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion on antioxidant activities of Prunus napaulensis polyphenols and evaluation of their preservation efficacy for strawberry

CHEN Xuan, YANG Guo-qin, ZHOU Qi-wu

2026, 65(10):  178-187.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.026

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To clarify the variation in biological activities of Prunus napaulensis following gastrointestinal digestion, explore the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of its polyphenols, and verify its practical application value in preservation, in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion was adopted to investigate the antioxidant activities of Prunus napaulensis. Storage experiments were carried out by coating strawberries with composite films consisting of Prunus napaulensis polyphenols, chitosan and nisin. The results showed that the antioxidant capacity of Prunus napaulensis polyphenols was relatively weak during gastric digestion, whereas all measured antioxidant indices exhibited a distinct increasing trend after intestinal digestion. For strawberry samples treated with the composite coating, weight-loss rate and decay rate were significantly reduced during storage. Meanwhile, the decrease in titratable acid content was effectively inhibited, and the contents of vitamin C and soluble solids in strawberries were well maintained. Among all treatments, the composite coating formulated with 0.05 mg/mL crude Prunus napaulensis polyphenol extract, 2% chitosan and 0.03% nisin achieved the optimal performance, which could preserve favorable quality and commercial value of strawberries. This study revealed the digestion-induced enhancement effect of antioxidant components from Prunus napaulensis, filled the research gap regarding the application of this wild resource in fruit and vegetable preservation, and provided a comprehensive theoretical basis and experimental data support for high-value resource utilization of Prunus napaulensis, as well as the development and practical application of green additive-free natural fruit-and-vegetable preservatives.

Effects of ventilation on aroma production in cigar tobacco fermentation by metagenomic analysis

CHEN Feng-tian, YU Jun, GUO Teng-fei, WANG Zhi, YANG Jin-peng, CHEN Xiong

2026, 65(10):  188-195.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.027

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To elucidate the regulatory role of ventilation in the fermentation and aroma production process of cigar tobacco leaves and its underlying microbial metabolic mechanisms, a pilot-scale fermentation system (120 kg per batch) was employed to establish ventilation versus natural fermentation treatments. Combining metagenomic analysis with GC-MS techniques, the microbial community succession, metabolic pathways, and the synthesis of aromatic compounds during fermentation were analyzed. The results showed that pilot-scale ventilation fermentation of cigar leaves (with a ventilation rate of 20 mL/min, 30-minute sessions every 4 hours, 2 hours per day) significantly enhanced aroma production. Compared to the control, phenylalanine conversion products, carotenoid degradation products, Maillard reaction products, cembranoid degradation products, and the total aroma content were increased by 52.26%, 68.88%, 177.13%, 84.77%, and 136.99%, respectively. Metagenomic analysis revealed that ventilation regulated microbial succession and promoted metabolic diversity, driving a shift in the dominant genera from Acinetobacter, Aspergillus, and Staphylococcus to Staphylococcus and Aspergillus, with Aspergillus abundance increasing by 35.2 times compared to the control group. Staphylococcus was the primary contributor to metabolic pathways such as the pentose phosphate pathway, inositol phosphate metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Whereas Aspergillus showed the highest contribution to the metabolic pathways of oxidative phosphorylation (32.08%), phenylalanine metabolism (35.90%), and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis (24.17%). The results provided technical support for cigar tobacco fermentation.

Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine

Isolation, identification and biological characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from goats in Shannan City

Basang, Zhaxi Zhandui, Basang Luobu, GUAN Ning-ning, CHEN Jing-rui, YANG Ke-li

2026, 65(10):  196-201.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.028

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In order to investigate the prevalence and biological characteristics of Escherichia coli in diarrhea cases of goats in Shannan City, Xizang Autonomous Region. Bacterial isolation and culture techniques, combined with molecular biological methods, were employed to isolate and identify Escherichia coli strains from fecal samples and intestinal tissue specimens obtained from diarrheic goats in Shannan City. Additionally, the isolated strains’ virulence gene profile and antimicrobial susceptibility were systematically characterized. The results showed that colonies with the characteristics of Escherichia coli were grown in MacConkey agar medium. Further PCR identification confirmed the isolation of 2 pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. The virulence genes of the isolates were detected by PCR, and the virulence genes phoA and FimC were detected. Pathogenicity testing revealed that intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with 2×10⁶ CFU/mL of the isolated strain resulted in 100% mortality in the infected group by day 7. The drug sensitivity testing revealed that the fecal isolated strain exhibited resistance to amoxicillin, penicillin G, sulfamethoxazole, and lincomycin, while the intestinal isolated strain exhibited resistance to six antimicrobial agents: penicillin G, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole and lincomycin.

Spatial distribution of the ant species Lasius himalayanus Bingham in China

ZHU Hui-qin, XU Zheng-hui, ZHU En-jiao, WEI Li-li, XIONG Zhong-ping, ZHNAG Xin-min, LIU Xia

2026, 65(10):  202-208.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.029

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To reveal the spatial distribution character of the ant species Lasius himalayanus Bingham in China, the spatial distribution pattern of the species was analyzed based on the specimens and related data of habitat, foraging sites, nesting sites and geographical distribution accumulated over the past 35 years using the collecting frequency method. Combined with maximum entropy model (MaxEnt), potential spatial distribution pattern of the species in China was constructed. The species was horizontally distributed in 12 provincial-level administrative regions and showed a gradient decrease from southwest to northeast China. The southwestern region, characterized by its subtropical climate, complex topography, and diverse microhabitats, served as a core distribution area of the species. Altitude range of vertical distribution of the species was 180-3 349 m with vertical height difference 3 169 m, showing a broad ecological adaptation range. In the range, 2 000-2 499 m was the core distribution altitude range, 1 500-2 999 m was the suitable altitude range, and >3 000 m high altitude interval and <500 m low altitude interval were the unsuitable range. The results showed that Lasius himalayanus Bingham was a mesophilic mid-altitude densely distributed species. The warm conifer forest and conifer-broadleaf mixed forest with stable microclimate and resource supply became the main habitat of the species. The species mainly foraged on the ground and in the soil. MaxEnt modelpredictions showed that high suitable area of species was concentrated in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the southern section of the Hengduan Mountains, and the edges of the Sichuan Basin. It was related to the subtropical humid climate formed under the influence of the warm and humid airflows from the Indian Ocean. Distribution pattern of the species was closely associated with the climatic gradient, vegetation types and topographic factors. Its ecological adaptability was mainly affected by temperature and moisture, and limited by the extreme environment and the availability of resources.

Detection Analysis

Determination of the contents of 32 metallic elements in Curcuma phaeocaulis by ICP-MS method,analysis of their correlations, and evaluation of heavy metal pollution

ZAN Chuan-nan, LIU Chang-kai, MO Dong-shu

2026, 65(10):  209-217.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.030

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An inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analytical method for determining the contents of 32 metallic elements, assessing their inter-element correlations, and evaluating contamination levels in Curcuma phaeocaulis was established, thereby providing a reference basis for the regulatory oversight of heavy metal elements in traditional Chinese medicinal materials. The samples were pre-treated using the microwave digestion method, and the contents of 32 metallic elements in Curcuma phaeocaulis were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); simultaneously, SPSS statistical software was employed to perform principal component analysis and correlation analysis on the results, and to evaluate the degree of metal contamination. The results showed that there were strong linear relationships among the 32 elements, with correlation coefficients r²>0.994, detection limits ranging from 0.000 1 mg/kg to 1.195 9 mg/kg, addition recovery rates ranging from 97.15% to 108.24%, and RSD values ranging from 1.61% to 10.72%. The correlation analysis results indicated that most of the elements exhibited highly significant positive correlations with one another. Principal component analysis indicated that the trace elements Fe, Ge, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Hg were characteristic elements of Curcuma phaeocaulis and could be utilized for quality control. According to the heavy metal pollution assessment using the Cd contamination index, 2/3 of the samples exhibited mild or more severe pollution, indicating that Cd was the primary contributing element to heavy metal pollution in this region.

Analysis of amino acid content and quality evaluation of Asparagus cochinchinensis based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

QIU Yi-xian, FAN Wen-yan, LUO Ling, CHEN Yu, LU Sen-hua, WEI Gui-yao

2026, 65(10):  218-224.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.031

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To evaluate the amino acid content in Asparagus cochinchinensis, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was established for the content determination and compositional analysis of 16 amino acids in Asparagus cochinchinensis samples from different origins. The samples were subjected to acid hydrolysis at （150±2）℃ for total amino acid extraction. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 HILIC-Z column (2.7 μm, 2.1 mm×100 mm), with the mobile phase consisting of 20 mmol/L ammonium formate aqueous solution (containing 0.25% formic acid, Phase A) and 20 mmol/L ammonium formate acetonitrile solution (containing 0.25% formic acid, Phase B). For mass spectrometric detection, an electrospray ionization (ESI) source coupled with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was adopted. The results showed that the total amino acid content varied significantly among Asparagus cochinchinensis samples from different origins, while the proportion of most amino acids remained relatively consistent. Among these amino acids, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine accounted for the highest proportions, whereas methionine and tyrosine contents were relatively low. The amino acid content of Asparagus cochinchinensis was significantly affected by the producing area and generally increased with the increase of individual medicinal material size. This established method was stable, reliable and highly sensitive, which could be applied to the quantitative analysis of amino acids in Asparagus cochinchinensis, thus providing scientific support for the quality evaluation and rational resource development of this medicinal material.

Information Engineering

A lightweight audio-visual multimodal diseased chicken identification method for complex farming environments

JIANG Hai-da, HAN Xiang-xiang, WANG Man-ling, ZHANG Ren-long

2026, 65(10):  225-232.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.032

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To achieve automatic and accurate identification of diseased chickens in complex intensive farming environments and to overcome the performance bottleneck caused by the susceptibility of single visual or acoustic modalities to noise and visual occlusion, a lightweight audio-visual multimodal fusion model (LMAV-YOLO) was proposed. The LMAV-YOLO model contained two lightweight feature extraction branches for visual and acoustic modalities.On this basis, a cross-modal attention fusion module was designed to adaptively weight and fuse the bimodal information according to feature quality, thereby enhancing the robustness of the model under environmental interference.Experiments on a self-constructed multimodal dataset showed that the LMAV-YOLO model achieved an mAP@0.5 of 92.3% and an identification accuracy of 94.6%, with only 3.67×10⁶ parameters, 7.82×10⁹ floating-point operations, and a model size of 14.7 MB. After INT8 quantization and TensorRT optimization, the inference speed on the Jetson Nano edge device reached 38.2 frames per second.Under strong noise and 40% visual occlusion interference, the accuracy drop of the model was controlled within 5 percentage points, outperforming the single-modal models. The LMAV-YOLO model combined high accuracy, strong robustness, and low computational requirements, and could be effectively deployed on edge devices, providing a feasible technical solution for real-time health monitoring in large-scale poultry farms.

Automatic construction of a tomato multi-source,multi-omics knowledge graph based on large language models

WANG An-pu, CUI Yun-peng, WU Jin-ming

2026, 65(10):  233-242.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.033

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To address the issues of knowledge fragmentation, inconsistent knowledge representation, and difficulties in cross-source entity alignment in tomato multi-omics research, an automated construction method for a tomato multi-source multi-omics knowledge graph based on large language models (LLMs) was proposed, providing methodological support for the organization and integration of multi-source heterogeneous knowledge in the agricultural biology domain. A knowledge graph schema layer was designed for the tomato multi-source multi-omics scenario to uniformly define core entities, such as genes, proteins, metabolites, phenotypes, and environmental conditions, along with their relationship types. Eight structured databases and tomato literature data were integrated to construct a knowledge skeleton, followed by literature data preprocessing. Under schema constraints, LLMs were employed to perform generative knowledge extraction from the literature. During the knowledge fusion stage, a local context-driven entity information completion strategy was introduced, combined with a "candidate recall-LLM-based discrimination" mechanism to achieve cross-source entity alignment, while unsuccessfully linked entities were merged through long-tail entity clustering. The resulting tomato multi-omics knowledge graph contained 81 409 entity nodes and 436 976 relationship edges, forming a knowledge network covering genes, proteins, metabolites, reactions, phenotypes, and experimental conditions. In the knowledge extraction evaluation, the F1 scores of the two categories of core relationships were both 0.84, indicating good performance of the proposed method in relation extraction from tomato multi-omics literature. In the entity linking evaluation, after introducing entity information completion, the linking precision for different entity types reached 0.92~0.98, indicating that the proposed method could improve the standardized mapping of complex entities in agricultural biology literature and provide a basis for multi-source knowledge fusion. The proposed method enabled the automated acquisition, structured representation, and cross-source integration of tomato multi-omics knowledge, providing a reference for tomato multi-omics knowledge management, agricultural knowledge graph construction, and related knowledge analysis applications.

Research on the construction and application of a full-process quality and safety traceability system for ecological poultry farming based on the Internet of Things

GUO Song, SUN Chang-qing, LI Rui-jun, LIANG Jian-yong

2026, 65(10):  243-251.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.034

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To address the problems of scattered information records, insufficient real-time environmental monitoring, and poor integration of product quality and safety traceability links in ecological poultry farming, a whole-process quality and safety traceability system for ecological poultry farming based on the Internet of Things was developed for an ecological poultry production scenario in Danzhai County, Guizhou Province, China. The system integrated wireless sensor networks, a SQL Server database, QR code labeling, a web-based management interface, and mobile-terminal query technologies. A multi-source traceability database was established to manage information on poultry farms, farming zones, poultry breeds, farming batches, individual poultry, rearing records, disease prevention and control records, health records, quality inspections, processing, sales, transportation, and storage. The system provided automatic collection of environmental parameters, digital management of production process information, generation of product traceability codes, printing of QR code labels, and consumer-side traceability queries by QR code scanning. Demonstration applications were conducted for 20 000 broilers, 75 000 laying hens, and egg product traceability. An information traceability chain covering farming, quality inspection, processing, storage, transportation, sales, and consumer queries was established. The demonstration results showed that the system completed the intended functions of environmental data collection, production process recording, cross-stage data association, product coding, and consumer-side traceability queries. The system could provide a technical reference for the digital management of ecological poultry farming, product quality and safety traceability, and standardized industrial development.

Study on optimization and robustness of logistics network for emergency supply of fresh agricultural products under emergencies

WU Qian-ying, LI Jia-jun, HUANG Xuan

2026, 65(10):  252-256.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2026.10.035

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To address the issue of local failures in the fresh agricultural product supply chain during emergencies, complex network robustness theory was introduced to optimize the emergency supply logistics network for fresh agricultural products. A robustness evaluation index system for node physical damage resistance, topological connectivity and timeliness robustness, supply-demand coordinated response robustness, and macro mechanism adaptability robustness was constructed. A game composite weighting method based on inner product space was used to coordinate subjective and objective weight differences, and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was used to quantitatively evaluate the initial state of the emergency supply logistics network in the megacity W. On this basis, a mixed-integer programming model was constructed to minimize operating costs and maximize system robustness. Results showed that the initial comprehensive robustness score for the emergency supply logistics network in W was 2.93, with shortcomings in topological connectivity, node redundancy, and path reconstruction; after network topology reconstruction, the comprehensive robustness score increased to 4.18, an increase of 42.7% compared with the initial state, and structure redundancy of the network and risk response capacity were improved. The research results could provide quantitative references for optimizing and enhancing the robustness of urban fresh agricultural product emergency supply logistics networks under emergency scenarios.