氮、钾肥减量对沙地马铃薯农田土壤理化性质及产量的影响

doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2025.04.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探究榆林沙区马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L.）栽培中的化肥减量策略,以马铃薯V7品种为供试材料,以常规全量施肥为对照（CK,N100%、P100%、K100%）,其氮肥（N）、磷肥 (P₂O₅) 、钾肥 (K₂O) 施用量分别为300.0、390.0、120.0 kg/hm²,并设置4个氮、钾肥减量处理,分别为F1（N95%、P100%、K100%）、F2（N90%、P100%、K100%）、F3（N100%、P100%、K95%）、F4（N100%、P100%、K90%）,分析不同氮、钾肥减量处理对0~20 cm土层（耕层）土壤理化性质及马铃薯产量和商品薯率的影响。结果表明,在马铃薯生育前期,F2的耕层土壤含水量显著高于F3、F4和CK,增幅为11.66%~26.82（P<0.05）,土壤温度显著高于F4,增幅为7.87%~12.43%（P<0.05）;在马铃薯生育中后期,F2的土壤温度和土壤紧实度低于F3、F4和CK。在马铃薯整个生育期,CK的耕层土壤pH最低;F2的土壤速效氮含量显著低于CK,减幅为18.24%~36.31%（P<0.05）;F2的土壤速效钾含量显著高于F4,增幅为8.31%~11.74%（P<0.05）。F2的马铃薯产量显著高于F1、F3和F4,增幅为8.01%~15.53%（P<0.05）,与CK无显著差异,商品薯率显著高于其他处理5.99%~17.58%（P<0.05）。综上所述,氮肥减量10%和全量钾肥的施肥措施为榆林沙区马铃薯绿色高产栽培中适宜的施肥策略。

关键词: 马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L.）, 化肥减量, 氮肥, 钾肥, 土壤理化性质, 产量

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the suitable fertilizer reduction strategy for green and high-yield cultivation of potato（Solanum tuberosum L.） in Yulin sandy area. The potato V7 variety was used as test material. Conventional full fertilization was used as control (CK, N100%, P100%, K100%), and its total nitrogen fertilizer (N), phosphate fertilizer (P₂O₅) and potassium fertilizer (K₂O) were applied 300.0 kg/hm², 390.0 kg/hm² and 120.0 kg/hm² respectively. Four fertilizer reduction treatments were established, including F1 (N95%, P100%, K100%), F2 (N90%, P100%, K100%), F3 (N100%, P100%, K95%) and F4 (N100%, P100%, K90%). The effects of different fertilizer reduction treatments on soil physicochemical properties in 0~20 cm soil layer, potato yield and commodity potato rate were analyzed. The results showed that in the early stage of potato growth, the topsoil water content of F2 treatment was significantly higher than that of F3, F4 and CK treatments by 11.66%~26.82 (P<0.05), and the soil temperature was significantly higher than that of F4 treatment by 7.87%~12.43% (P<0.05). In the middle and late stages of potato growth, the soil temperature and soil compactness of F2 treatment were lower than those of F3, F4 and CK treatments. In the whole potato growth stage, the topsoil pH value of CK treatment was the lowest, the soil available nitrogen content of F2 treatment was significantly lower than that of CK treatment by 18.24%~36.31% (P<0.05). The soil available potassium content of F2 treatment was significantly higher than that of F4 treatment by 8.31%~11.74% (P<0.05). The potato yield of F2 treatment was significantly higher than that of F1, F3 and F4 treatments by 8.01%~15.53% (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between F2 and CK, and the commodity rate was significantly higher than that of other treatments by 5.99%~17.58% (P<0.05). In conclusion, the fertilization measures of 10% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer and full potassium fertilizer were the suitable fertilization strategies for green and high-yield cultivation of potato in Yulin sandy area.

Key words: potato（Solanum tuberosum L.）, fertilizer reduction, nitrogen fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, soil physicochemical properties, yield

中图分类号:

王雯, 吴腾帅, 刘梦圆, 白海庆, 刘柏林. 氮、钾肥减量对沙地马铃薯农田土壤理化性质及产量的影响[J]. 湖北农业科学, 2025, 64(4): 64-69.

WANG Wen, WU Teng-shuai, LIU Meng-yuan, BAI Hai-qing, LIU Bo-lin. Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer reduction on soil physicochemical properties and potato yield in sandy farmland[J]. HUBEI AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, 2025, 64(4): 64-69.

参考文献

[1] 王美霞,方玉川,汪奎,等.榆林北部马铃薯产业优势条件、问题及对策[J].农业科技通讯,2020(9):51-52.
[2] 李飞,魏全全,尹旺,等.氮钾运筹对高寒地区马铃薯产量、养分吸收及利用的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2020(1):58-66.
[3] 华玉晨,解国庆,范书华,等.氮肥减施对不同品种马铃薯生长发育的影响[J].中国马铃薯, 2023,37(4):329-337.
[4] 于静,熊兴耀,高玉林,等.中国马铃薯不同产区氮肥利用率的比较分析[J].中国蔬菜,2019(7):43-50.
[5] 郝凯,贾立国,秦永林,等.氮素对马铃薯源-库关系影响研究进展[J].作物杂志,2020(3):22-26.
[6] 岳超,肖石江,王怀义,等.氮肥用量对不同冬马铃薯品种产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2019(2):119-125,132.
[7] 刘寅笃,姚攀锋,杨志坚,等.马铃薯钾素营养研究进展[J].植物生理学报,2023,59(8):1505-1516.
[8] ZHANG W, LIN X, WANG Q, et al.Effects of potassium fertilization on potato starch physicochemical properties[J]. International journal of biological macromolecules, 2018, 117:467-472.
[9] 顾小凤,魏全全,芶久兰,等.不同钾素水平对马铃薯养分吸收及酶活性与产量的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2022,50(8):15-24.
[10] 周卫,丁文成.新阶段化肥减量增效战略研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2023,29(1):1-7.
[11] 杜二小,李焕春,任永峰,等.氮肥减施与替代对马铃薯农田土壤理化性状及产量品质的影响[J].北方农业学报,2023,51(6):10-17.
[12] 张炜,杨德桦,黄小箐,等.氮肥用量对襄阳地区马铃薯产量、品质和经济效益的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016(1):72-76.
[13] 罗忠伟. 减施氮肥对马铃薯产量的影响[J].特种经济动植物,2022,25(8):16-17.
[14] 尹梅,曾庆凤,张琼,等.减量分施钾肥对旱地马铃薯产量和钾肥利用率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2018,36(2):1-7.
[15] 赵欢,芶久兰,肖厚军,等.不同钾肥及其施用对贵州一熟区马铃薯生产性状与肥料利用率的影响[J].西南农业学报,2016,29(7):1644-1648.
[16] 刘可心,王克秀,唐铭霞,等.施钾量对马铃薯生长发育及氮磷钾积累分配的影响[J].中国农学通报,2023,39(2):51-56.
[17] 韩羽,杨亚亚,吴娜,等.施钾量对宁夏旱区马铃薯干物质积累及养分利用特性的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2023,51(9):119-124.
[18] 金学勇,吴京姬,牛春花,等.钾肥施用量对延薯13号生长、产量和品质的影响[J].长江蔬菜,2024(2):64-67.
[19] 李含婷,柴强,王琦明,等.绿洲灌区不同施氮水平下玉米绿肥间作模式的水分利用特征[J].中国农业科学,2021,54(12):2608-2618.
[20] 张洋,张荣,胥婷婷.氮肥减施条件下有机肥替代氮肥对温室番茄产量、品质和水肥效应的影响[J].中国瓜菜,2023,36(12):93-99.
[21] 周进华,李有涵,张兴,等.高温胁迫对不同耐热型马铃薯块茎形成期生长和光合特性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报(中英文),2023,31(5):750-764.
[22] 王鹏飞,于爱忠,王玉珑,等.麦后复种绿肥翻压还田结合减氮对土壤水热特性及玉米产量的影响[J].作物学报,2023,49(10):2793-2805.
[23] 王玉萍,周晓洁,卢潇,等.土壤紧实度对马铃薯根系、匍匐茎、产量和品质的影响[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(6):1590-1596.
[24] 刘灿华,袁天佑,闫军营,等.减氮配施腐植酸对耕层土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2020(5):77-83.
[25] 狄彩霞,李秀萍,栗艳芳,等.不同氮钾配比对马铃薯根系生长及产量的影响[J].北方农业学报,2021,49(1):53-59.
[26] 徐聪,张辉,唐忠厚,等.减量氮肥配施有机肥及硝化抑制剂对土壤pH值、甘薯产量及构成的影响[J].江苏师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2021,39(2):26-30.
[27] 牛振明. 化肥减量及氮素形态配比对甘蓝养分吸收、产量和品质的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2014.
[28] 孙虎,孙明茂,王成霞,等.不同灌水量下化肥减量配施生物有机肥对番茄产量及品质的影响[J].山东农业科学,2023,55(8):110-115.
[29] 张斯梅,段增强,顾克军,等.不同水稻灌溉模式和氮肥减量对还田麦秸腐解特性及土壤养分的影响[J].土壤,2023,55(4):749-755.
[30] 刘红杰,任德超,倪永静,等.秸秆还田下减氮对土壤养分、酶活性和冬小麦产量的影响[J].作物杂志,2023(4):210-214.
[31] 谢奎,张腾,李卓远,等.榆林沙土区马铃薯根层土壤因子、微生物数量及酶活性特征[J].干旱地区农业研究,2022,40(4):192-205.