Table of Content

10 May 2022, Volume 61 Issue 9

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Breeding & Cultivation

Breeding of new maize variety Guidan 902 with high and stable yield and suitable for machine harvesting

XIE Xiao-dong, ZHOU Hai-yu, ZHOU Jin-guo, JIANG Yu-feng, QIN Lan-qiu, XIE He-xia, TAN Zhao-lei, CHENG Wei-dong

2022, 61(9):  5-7.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.001

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In order to cultivate new maize varieties with stable yield and suitable mechanical harvesting suitable for planting in tropical and subtropical regions of southern China, a germplasm improvement population was constructed based on tropical germplasm and supplemented by temperate germplasm, and maize inbred lines suitable for Guangxi ecological environment were created and combined. A new maize variety Guidan 902 was bred through years of multi-point identification. In the spring and autumn regional test of 2018, the average yield was 7 719.00 kg/hm², 5.80% higher than that of the control; the average yield of the production test in spring and autumn of 2019 was 7 138.00 kg/hm², 7.70% higher than that of the control. It was susceptible to sheath blight, northern and southern leaf blight,resistant to southern rust, and moderately resistant to Fusarium ear rot and Fusarium stem rot. The bulk density,crude protein, crude fat and crude starch of Guidan 903 were 758.00 g/L、10.21%、4.12%、72.55% separately. The test lodging rates in 2018—2019 were 5.30% and 0.40% separately, and the discount rates were 0 and 0.50%, separately. Guidan 902 has a high and stable yield, which meets the requirements of mechanized harvesting in Guangxi and can be planted in the whole Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

Evaluation on yield and benefit of no-tillage and aerial seeding technique model of rapeseed in paddy field of eastern Hubei

CHEN Ling-ying, REN Tao, ZHOU Zhi-hua, CHENG Ying-de, LU Ming-xing, CHENG Tai, ZHOU Wei-feng, LU Jian-wei

2022, 61(9):  8-12.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.002

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In order to explore the production adaptability and practicability of no-tillage and aerial seeding （hereinafter referred to as no-tillage and aerial seeding） production mode of rapeseed with full straw returning in the paddy field in late-harvest paddy field, field experiments of rapeseed were carried out in Wuxue city, eastern Hubei province in 2018—2019 and 2019—2020. In the experiments, no-tillage and aerial seeding and conventional rotary tillage and direct seeding （hereinafter referred to as rotary tillage and direct seeding） were set to evaluate the differences in rapeseed yield, fertilizer use efficiency and economic benefits under the two modes. The results showed that no-tillage aerial seeding significantly increased rape yield, fertilizer partial productivity and economic benefits. Compared with rotary tillage direct seeding mode, no-tillage aerial seeding mode increased rapeseed yield by 216 kg/hm² on average, with an increase of 9.8%. The partial productivity of N, P and K increased by 8.1%, 151.2% and 147.6%, respectively. The planting input decreased by 1 116 yuan/hm² on average, and the net profit increased by 2 202 yuan/hm². The results showed that the no-tillage and aerial sowing mode of rape had the advantages of soil moisture grabbing and temperature sowing, straw returning, soil moisture preservation and nutrient recycling, one-time basic application of special slow-release fertilizer for rape, and mechanical trenching and waterlogging prevention. The effect of increasing production and saving income was remarkable. It was a practical, simple and efficient production mode.

Resource & Environment

Preliminary report on application effect and application amount of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer to rice

SHAO Yuan-gang, LIU Hong-ju, SUN Yong, JIA Shun-chao, FAN Yu-lian

2022, 61(9):  13-15.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.003

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In order to explore the one-time application effect of different properties of special organic-inorganic compound fertilizers for rice and their suitable dosage, two kinds of organic-inorganic compound fertilizers were selected, and four levels of fertilizer dosage were set for rice field experiments. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between the yield of rice and the total application amount of inorganic nutrients when organic-inorganic compound fertilizer was applied in paddy soil-yellow-brown clay mud field in Yingcheng. From the perspective of fertilization benefit, 900 kg/hm² of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer with the N-P-K ratio of 15-7-8 in Hubei Xiangyun was the best, and 600 kg/hm² of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer with the N-P-K ratio of 15-6-9 in Hubei Yishizhuang was the best.

Evaluation and analysis of water production in Zishui basin and its response to changing environment based on INVEST model

ZHOU Yi-lin, MAO De-hua

2022, 61(9):  16-23.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.004

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Zishui watershed is a subtropical humid area with high vegetation coverage, abundant precipitation and large runoff. The quantitative assessment of water production in the basin is beneficial to rationally planning the water resources and promoting the economic development of the basin. Based on the water yield module of INVEST model, this paper studied the water yield of the resource water basin in 2005, 2010 and 2015, and simulated the effects of precipitation and land use change on the water yield according to the background analysis. The results showed that from 2005 to 2015, the total water yield first decreased and then increased, but the value changed little. The average water yield in 2005, 2010 and 2015 was 1 153.39 mm, 973.81 mm and 1 102.37 mm, respectively, and the total water yield was 332.17×10⁸ m³, 280.45×10⁸ m³ and 317.48×10⁸ m³. The spatial pattern of water production was higher in the north and lower in the south. From Loudi city to Yiyang city, the water production was higher, while from Loudi city to Shaoyang city, the water production was relatively lower. Through background analysis, it was found that the contributions of land use change to water production from 2005 to 2010, 2005 to 2015 and 2010 to 2015 were 8.57%, 38.80% and 10.06%, respectively, and the contributions of precipitation change to water production were 91.43%, 61.20% and 89.94% respectively. Precipiture had a greater impact on water production, while land use had a smaller impact on water production.

Spatial characteristics of agricultural water resources based on water footprint in Luohe city

LI Zhi-fang, SHEN Xin-lei, WANG Rui

2022, 61(9):  24-26.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.005

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Taking Luohe city, Henan province as the research area, from the perspective of agricultural production water footprint, the CROPWAT software was used to calculate the green water and blue water footprints of the main crops wheat and corn during the growth period. The grey water footprint of crops based on the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer was calculated, the water footprint of agricultural production was comprehensively evaluated, and the composition of the agricultural water footprint and its spatial distribution characteristics in Luohe city were analyzed. The results showed that the areas with the largest green water and blue water footprints for crop growth in Luohe city were the Yuanhui areas, and the area with the largest grey water footprint was Linying county;the proportion of agricultural green water footprint in the total water footprint showed a characteristic of gradually decreasing from south to north in space. The proportion of agricultural blue water footprint in each county （district） to the total water footprint was about 30%. The proportion of grey water footprint in Linying county was much higher than that of other counties （districts）, so we need to focus on the amount of fertilizer application; the agricultural water footprint of Luohe city was relatively high. Measures such as improving the water resource consumption accounting system, accelerating technological innovation to reduce the water consumption of agricultural production, adjusting the water consumption structure, and rational application of fertilizers and pesticides can be used to reduce agricultural water consumption.

Variation characteristics of extreme high temperature in Jiangxi Province in recent 60 years and its impact on rice

HU Ju-fang, ZHAN Long-fei, XIE Yuan-yu

2022, 61(9):  27-32.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.006

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This paper used the daily maximum temperature data of 80 meteorological observation stations in Jiangxi Province with complete observation data, and adopted the arithmetic mean method, linear trend method, significance test and other climate statistical diagnostic methods to select extreme maximum temperature, high temperature threshold days of different intensity and initial and terminal date of high temperature. The three high temperature characteristic indicators were used to analyze the variation characteristics of extreme high temperature in Jiangxi Province in the past 60 years and its impact on rice. The results showed that in the past 60 years, the annual number of days with the daily maximum temperature ≥35 ℃ in Jiangxi Province had increased significantly; the annual number of days with the daily maximum temperature ≥38 ℃ had not grown significantly;the annual cumulative station days with daily maximum temperature ≥40 ℃ did not change significantly from the 1960s to the 1990s, but increased sharply in the 21st century; the three high temperature threshold days of different intensities in most areas of Jiangxi Province all showed an upward trend; in the past 60 years, most areas of extreme maximum temperature in Jiangxi Province showed an upward trend, and most of the historical extreme values of the highest temperature occurred in the 21st century; the average first day of high temperature was significantly earlier, the average last day was obviously delayed, and the number of high temperature days increased significantly;high temperature had obvious effects on the heading, flowering, grain filling and milk maturity of double-cropping early rice and single-cropping rice in Jiangxi Province.

Mapping knowledge domain analysis of crop selenium speciation study based on bibliometrics

SHI Jiu-chang, TIAN Jia-shu, ZHANG Li, JING Yi-zhuo, XU Zi-cheng, HAN Dan

2022, 61(9):  33-40.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.007

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In order to make an overall analysis on crop selenium speciation study, with the theme of crop selenium speciation research, 129 related literature from two decades （2001—2020） were retrieved from the Web of Science core collection database, and the sample was analyzed for data mining by using CiteSpace software. The results showed that the number of papers on crop selenium speciation research was small but showed a rapid growth trend. China was in a leading position in this research field but had fewer exchanges with other countries, and the communication between domestic research institutions needed to be strengthened, too. This researchinvolved many subject areas, such as selenium biofortification, phytoremediation, selenium fertilizer and so on. Crop selenium speciation study was summarized by using mapping knowledge domain to provide ideas and directions for other researchers.

Niche characteristics of dominant plants in the fluctuating zone of Quxi River estuary, the first reach of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

ZHANG Dong-sheng, DUAN Chen-hui, HAO Yan-long, XIE Wen-chun, DENG Yong-fang, LIU Zheng-xue

2022, 61(9):  41-47.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.008

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In order to reveal the adaptability of dominant plants to the environment and the interspecies relationship of the dominant plants in the Three Gorges Reservoir's water-level-fluctuating zone, the primary tributary of the middle and upper transition zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir was taken as the research object. Based on the survey of sample plots in the study area, niche width and niche overlap indicators were used to analyze and discuss the niche characteristics of dominant plants. The results showed that the dominant species, Cynodon dactylon,Bidens pilosa,Xanthium sibiricum,Echinochloa crusgalli,Alternanthera philoxeroides, and Digitaria sanguinalisas generalized species accounted for 37.50% of the total number of species, which had the characteristics of wide distribution and strong adaptability. It can be used as a pioneer species for vegetation restoration in the hydro-fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The number of species pairs of dominant plants in the dry and tributary water-level fluctuating zones with a niche overlap value> 0.5 was 40 and 50, respectively, and the number of species pairs with a niche overlap value of 0 was 27 and 13, respectively. The competitiveness between them was relatively weaker than that of the tributaries. The dominant plants in the dry and tributary water-level fluctuating zones near the estuary of the Quxi River mostly overlap in unequal-width niches, achieving niche sharing to a certain extent; a few plants had overlapping niches and do not participate in competition. The niche overlap of dominant plants had differences in trunk and tributaries and differences in elevation. The differentiation and identification of generalized species and specialized species of dominant plants play a vital role in enriching regional species composition and ecological restoration.

Analysis on dynamic characteristics of spatio-temporal variations of vegetation coverage in Zimbabwe in recent 20 years

DONG Ming-xia, WANG Li-hui, WANG Kan, YANG Qi-chi, LU Li-jie, HUANG Jin-liang

2022, 61(9):  48-55.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.009

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Vegetation coverage is an important parameter that reflects ecological environment. Zimbabwe is one of the most important partners in the Belt and Road, and the observation of vegetation coverage is of great significance to the regional ecological environment and economic construction. With the adoption of MODIS NDVI data, the dimidiate pixel model, one element linear regression, and Hurst index method were used to analyze and predict the changes of vegetation coverage in Zimbabwe from 2001 to 2019. The results showed that the vegetation coverage in Zimbabwe was favorable. Vegetation coverage increased in 2001—2009, 2015—2017, and then it decreased in 2009—2015, 2017—2019; From the distribution of vegetation coverage, it showed obvious regional differentiation characteristics, the vegetation coverage of the north region occupied a larger proportion than the southwest and middle region. The mainly spatial trends were insignificant, the areas accounted for 81.70%, while the areas of increase were 11.52%, and 6.78% of the vegetation covered areas were decreased. The result of the linear regression and Hurst index method indicated that the status was a negative sustainable development. 7.44% of the vegetation covered areas were increased, and the areas with a decrease were occupied 9.69%. The precipitation and temperature were considerably positively correlated with the vegetation coverage, the precipitation was the main factor for variation of vegetation coverage in Zimbabwe. Vegetation coverage was correlated with nighttime light, the mainly negative correlation regions were Harare and Bulawayo, and the mainly positive correlation region was Matabeleland.

Study on climate suitability grade and the planting zoning of Lycium barbarum in Qaidam Basin

HE Sheng-lu, WANG Fa-ke, LI Hai-feng, CHEN Hong-song, QI Gui-ming, YAN Liang-dong, LEI Yu-hong, ZHANG Xian

2022, 61(9):  56-61.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.010

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Based on meteorological observation data of 11 stations in Qaidam Basin from 1991 to 2018 and the developmental period data of Lycium barbarum, a climatic suitability model for the cultivation of Lycium barbarum in the Qaidam Basin was established. By calculating the climatic suitability of wolfberry in Qaidam Basin in the past 28 years, the evaluation index of climatic suitability of wolfberry was established, and the suitability of wolfberry planting area in Qaidam Basin was divided by using GIS. The results showed that the climatic suitable areas for Lycium barbarum planting in Qaidam Basin were distributed in the relatively low altitude areas, including central and southern Delingha, northwestern Dulan county, central and northern Golmud and Mangya, etc. The generally suitable areas were distributed in the northwest of Dacaidan and surrounding areas of suitable areas. The unsuitable planting areas were distributed in the north of Delingha, Tianjun, eastern Wulan and the surrounding areas at higher altitudes of the Qaidam Basin. This research results can provide scientific and technological support for the adjustment of the characteristic agricultural planting structure of Lycium barbarum in the Qaidam Basin, the rational use of climatic resources, and the improvement of the economic, social and ecological benefits of agricultural production.

Evaluation research on carrying capacity of Fenyi county resources and environment based on the early warning

GAO Jing-jing

2022, 61(9):  62-65.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.011

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By referring to relevant documents and combining the actual situation of Fenyi county, the township division was used as the evaluation unit to evaluate the resource and environmental carrying capacity of Fenyi county, so that the local natural resources can be effectively used. Based on the early warning perspective, the evaluation index system for Fenyi county resources and environment carrying capacity of three dimensions including water resources, land resources and environmental resources was built, and the matter-element model of projection pursuit was used to calculate the carrying capacity value and to study the temporal and spatial differences of carrying risks. The study found that the overall resource and environmental carrying risk of Fenyi county was at a medium risk, and the carrying risk of Fenyi town was the largest, followed by Qianshan town and Huze town. The northern townships of Fenyi county were all at a relatively low carrying risk.

Research on trade-off regionalization of potential land use conflicts based on land use competition：A case study of Jinzhong city in Shanxi Province

HAN Miao, WANG Jin, ZHAO Chen, LIU Hui-fang, GUO Yong-long, BI Ru-tian

2022, 61(9):  66-73.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.012

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Exploring the alleviation path of potential land use conflicts from the perspective of the degree of land use competition can provide ideas for alleviating land use conflicts and functional planning zoning. A multi-criteria evaluation system for the competitiveness of construction land, cultivated land and ecological land was constructed from two aspects of suitability and driving force, and a judgment matrix was established based on the competitiveness of the three kinds of land to identify potential land use conflicts in Jinzhong city. Based on the development strategy of Jinzhong city, a trade-off was made, and a multi-function coordinated zoning was proposed. The results showed that 72.25% of the land area of Jinzhong city was facing the risk of potential conflicts, and the area without conflict only accounted for 27.75%. The conflict between cultivated land and construction land was obvious, especially in the areas around cities and towns, and the construction land had a tendency to encroach on cultivated land and expand outward. Based on the multi-type conflict of three types of land under the regional main function development strategy, the zoning optimization was carried out, and five types of core areas and development areas were put forward, and then the development path of Jinzhong differentiated land space was put forward. According to the degree of land use competition, to trade-off of conflicts and delimit functional zoning can more effectively alleviate the conflict of land use, and play a guiding role in optimizing the allocation of regional land resources and realizing sustainable development.

Analysis of ecotourism climate suitability in Xianning city

XING Li-tian, WU Dong-qiao, ZHU Yun-bo, WEI Hua-bing

2022, 61(9):  74-80.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.013

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Based on the data of Xianning city released by six national meteorological stations from 1960 to 2013, the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the human comfort index and holiday climate index in Xianning city were analyzed. The results showed that the human comfort of Xianning city was centered in Xianning city, and gradually increased to the northwest, southwest and southeast, generally tending to be the most comfortable. People felt from cool to most comfortable in spring and autumn, from warm to hot in summer, and slightly cold in winter. People felt most comfortable in April, May, September and October, felt too hot in July and August, and felt very cold in January. In addition to June and July, most of the time was suitable for vacation, especially in spring and autumn, in which October was particularly suitable. In April, May, September, and November people felt very suitable; among the influencing factors of the holiday climate indexes, the effective temperature contributed the most in January, May, June and November, and the daily precipitation contributed the most in February, March, October, November and December. The cloud coverage score had little difference, and the wind speed had no difference in the whole city.

Plant Protection

Laboratory toxicity tests and ratio tests of different fungicides against Fusarium head blight

ZHENG Yan, WANG Li-xiang, WU Yi-ran, LIAO Can, HE Hai-yan, HE Ming, WANG Shu-xiang, LI Jun-kai

2022, 61(9):  81-84.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.014

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In order to screen out the fungicide combinations that can effectively control Fusarium head blight and alleviate the resistance of the single fungicide to Fusarium graminearum, the toxicity of 14 common fungicides to Fusarium graminearum was determined by mycelial growth inhibition method, and the fungicide combinations and ratios that can improve the efficiency were screened. The results showed that the EC₅₀ of tebuconazole, diniconazole, difenoconazole, flusilazole, prochloraz and imazal on the mycelial growth of pathogen was 0.106 6~0.905 9 mg/L, and the EC₅₀ of hexaconazole, triazole, propiconazole, propiconazole and pyraclostrobin was 1.423 6~7.664 2 mg/L,which were more sensitive to Fusarium head blight. The EC₅₀ of hymexazol, thiram and seed dressing was 17.343 8, 11.290 1 and 84.518 8 mg/L, respectively, with poor antibacterial activity. The mixture of antifungal and propiconazole with high activity was mixed with 1∶0、0∶1、5∶1、3∶1、1∶1、1∶3、1∶5 and 1∶7（m∶m）, respectively. The joint toxicity test and evaluation results of 1︰3 and 1︰5 showed that the mixture of the two fungicides had obvious synergistic effect on inhibiting the growth of wheat scab, and the co-toxicity coefficients were 269.33 and 417.58, respectively.

Study on species and dynamics of fruit and vegetable flies in Yongxing Island of Xisha

CAI Bo, MENG Rui, HUANG Zhen, MA Xin-hua, AO Su

2022, 61(9):  85-87.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.015

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Quarantine fly monitoring was carried out in Yongxing Island of Xisha from 2017 to 2018 using citrus fly bait, melon fly bait, Mediterranean fly bait and protein bait. A total of 125 814 fruit flies were collected and identified as Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera cucurbitae and Bactrocera tau. Among them, orange fly is the absolute advantage species. At the same time, the species, occurrence dynamics and host of fruit and vegetable flies in Yongxing Island of Xisha were discussed.

Horticulture & Local Products

Study on cutting propagation of different parts of Salvia yunnanensis C. H. Wright

CHEN Guang-ming, YANG Yan-juan, LIANG Xing-mei, YU Chao-liang

2022, 61(9):  88-91.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.016

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The effects of various factors on the cutting propagation of root, rhizome and branches of Salvia yunnanensis C. H. Wright were explored. The results showed that the highest germination rate of 90% was achieved by taking the upper half of the roots 6 cm long and greater than 5 mm in diameter and inserting them obliquely in a mixture of garden soil and organic fertilizer at a ratio of 1∶1. The highest germination rate of 93.33% was achieved when cuttings with two rhizomes were treated with 60 mg/L ABT for 1 h in a mixture of perlite and vermiculite at a ratio of 1∶1. The highest germination rate of 83.33% was achieved when the branches were treated with 80 mg/L of ABT for 2 h and cuttings were placed in a substrate with garden soil∶organic fertilizer in a 1∶1 ratio. The highest germination rate of Salvia yunnanensis C. H. Wright with two buds was achieved after 1 h of ABT treatment at 60 mg/L and cuttings were placed in the substrate with perlite∶vermiculite in a 1∶1 ratio.

Study on dynamics of shoots and fruits growth and development of a very early-maturing apricot strain SN14-6-17E

LIU Zhi-kun, WANG Duan, JING Chen-juan, CHEN Xue-feng, WU Xiao-hong

2022, 61(9):  92-94.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.017

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Taking SN14-6-17E apricot trees as the research object, the dynamics of shoots and fruits growth and development of SN14-6-17E apricot were studied. The results showed that SN14-6-17E shoots had three growth peaks during the annual growth cycle, forming spring shoot, summer shoot and autumn shoot respectively. SN14-6-17E bloomed on March 24th, and the fruit matured on May 21th, with a growth period of 59 days. There were two growth peaks during the fruit development, presenting a double “S” shaped curve. The growth of new shoots was closely related with the development of fruits. In the early stage of fruit development, the competition of nutrients between shoots and fruits was fierce, but in the middle stage, the competition was weakened, and the nutrients needed for fruits were gradually transferred from the stored nutrients in the tree to the nutrients produced by photosynthesis of new leaves. At the later stage of fruit development, some shoots stopped growing, and the organic matter accumulated by photosynthesis in leaves provided nutrition for fruit expansion.

Comprehensive evaluation on cold resistance of three kinds of ornamental branch plants

YAO Ying-li, LI Chun-you, PENG Wei-xiu, MA Chang-ming, LI Dan

2022, 61(9):  95-99.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.018

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In order to enrich the northern winter plant landscape,taking Rosa davurica × rugosa Thunb.,Euonymus maackii Rupr. and Salix alba L. as materials, the relative conductivity of annual branches of three kinds of ornamental branch plants under different low temperature treatments and the half lethal temperature （LT₅₀） was calculated by logistic equation. Finally, principal component analysis and membership function were used to comprehensively evaluate the cold resistance of branches under different low temperature treatments, such as relative conductivity, water content, water absorption, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, proline content, malondialdehyde content and SOD content. The results showed that the relative conductivity of the three kinds of ornamental branch plants increased in an “S” shape with the decrease of temperature, following the change rule of logistic equation. The logistic equation was used to establish a regression model for the relative conductivity under different low temperature treatments. The half lethal temperature of Rosa davurica × rugosa Thunb. was -19.8 ℃, the half lethal temperature of Euonymus maackii was -28.7 ℃, and the half lethal temperature of Salix alba L. was -22.3 ℃. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of principal component analysis and membership function, the order of cold resistance of three kinds of ornamental branch plants from high to low was Euonymus maackii > Salix alba L. >Rosa davurica × rugosa Thunb.. Using principal component analysis and membership function method, the comprehensive index of cold resistance of three kinds of ornamental branch plants was obtained, which was consistent with the order of cold resistance of half lethal temperature calculated by conductivity method combined with logistic equation, indicating that the half lethal temperature can accurately reflect the cold resistance of three kinds of ornamental branch plants.

Dynamic study on tobacco leaf quality in Yunnan raw material base of China Tobacco Guangdong Industrial Co., Ltd.

LI Zhou-wen, KE Xiao-ting, WANG Chu-liang, YANG Jun, XIAO Fei

2022, 61(9):  100-104.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.019

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In order to grasp the quality of tobacco leaves allocated by China Tobacco Guangdong Industrial Co., Ltd. in Yunnan raw material base, the chemical composition and sensory quality of tobacco leaves in the four tobacco areas of Honghe, Qujing, Wenshan and Pu’er in Yunnan from 2015 to 2019 were evaluated. The results showed that the internal chemical composition, sensory quality and comprehensive quality of tobacco leaves of C3F and B2F grades in different bases in different years varied to varying degrees. The chemical composition of tobacco leaves from the four raw material bases fluctuated greatly among years, and the sensory quality of tobacco leaves and overall quality of tobacco leaves were relatively stable in different years. The overall quality of tobacco leaves is as follows, Pu’er Anding base is relatively stable, Honghe Dongshan and Qujing Agang bases are second, and Wenshan Zhulin base has more changes.

Research on industry development status of Qiai

WANG Ming-hui, XIA Zhen-zhou, CHEN Sheng-hu, CHEN Chang-jie, MIAO Yu-huan, ZHANG Ji-xin, YU Zhong-wu, GUO Shuang-xi, LIU Da-hui

2022, 61(9):  105-108.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.020

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Qiai（Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van. var. argyi cv. Qiai） is a famous Chinese medicine, Hubei genuine medicine, and Chinese geographical indication product. The planting area in Qichun county reaches 15 600 hm². In this paper, herbal authentication of Qiai was carried out, and Qiai industry status was summarized from genuineness, brand advantages, ecological planting mode, processing business, and COVID-19 prevention. The main problems of Qiai industry were analyzed, and the corresponding countermeasures were put forward.

Research on landscape planning mode of tourism oriented rural areas from the perspective of complex ecosystem theory

QU Ang, WEI Bing-qing, QU Yong, YANG Tong-rong, LI Yan-hong, CONG Lei

2022, 61(9):  109-113.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.021

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Using complex ecosystem theory, this paper aims to guide the sustainable development of rural tourism, and highlight the coordination degree and integrity of nature, society and economy in the rural construction. The functional requirements of space and landscape planning strategy of ecology, production, living and social environment system in rural tourism resources are put forward, so as to reduce the damage to the natural environment caused by tourism development, providing the reference for tourism-oriented rural landscape planning.

Detection Analysis

Simultaneous determination of the contents of four components in Mesona chinensis Benth. by HPLC

MO Ying-hua, FENG Bai-ru, MAO Yi-zhong

2022, 61(9):  114-117.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.022

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HPLC method was used with acetonitrile∶0.1% formic acid as gradient elution. The detection wavelength was 254 nm, the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the injection volume was 10 μL. At the same time, the contents of four components in Mesona chinensis Benth.,including caffeic acid, isoquercitrin, astragaloside and rosmarinic acid were determined, and the applicability of the system was investigated. The results showed that caffeic acid, isoquercitrin, astragaloside and rosmarinic acid had a good linear relationships in the concentration ranges of 34.297~171.480 μg/mL,11.172~55.860 μg/mL,16.386~81.928 μg/mL and 13.394~66.970 μg/mL, respectively. The correlation coefficients were 0.999 9, 1.000 0, 1.000 0 and 0.999 7, respectively. RSD of precision, repeatability and stability test results were all less than 3.00%. The average recoveries of the four components in the nine tests were all greater than 95.00% and RSD was less than 3.00%.

Determination of 27 inorganic elements in soft capsule shell by ICP-MS

TAN Jian-ning, QIN Jie-ping

2022, 61(9):  118-122.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.023

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A method for the determination of 27 inorganic elements in five vitamin B soft capsule shells by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） was established. After microwave digestion, the contents of 27 inorganic elements （Li, Be, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ba, Tl, Pb, U, Hg, etc） in soft capsules were determined by ICP-MS. The results showed that the mass-number ratios of 27 elements and internal standard elements within a certain concentration range had a good linear relationship with the concentration, with the correlation coefficient r≥0.999 0. The detection limits of the instrument were 0.002~1.010 μg/L. The average recoveries of 27 inorganic elements were 82.90%~110.82%, and the RSD was ≤ 5.41%（n=3）. The method is simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate, which is suitable for the determination of inorganic elements in the soft capsule shell.

Determination and safety evaluation of sulfur dioxide content in Polygonati Rhizoma from different regions

JIANG Zhi-lin, ZHOU Yuan, XU Yu-sheng, SHEN Ke, WEI Ying, DONG Jing-Cheng

2022, 61(9):  123-126.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.024

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In order to detect the sulfur dioxide content in Polygonati Rhizoma from different regions and evaluate its safety, the samples of Polygonati Rhizoma were distilled by Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer, and iodine standard solution titration was carried out according to national standards. The results showed that 8 kinds of samples had sulfur dioxide residue, of which 4 exceeded the national limit standard （150 mg/kg）, and the detection rate was 7.5%. According to the GB 2760—2014 food additive use standard （50 mg/kg）, 7 kinds of samples exceeded the standard, and the detection rate was 13.2%.

Study on HPLC fingerprint identification of Euphorbia maculata L. and its related species

HOU Jing, LI Li, JING Xiao-tong, LIANG Yuan, WEI Shan-shan, CAI Yi

2022, 61(9):  127-131.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.025

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In order to establish and identify HPLC fingerprint analysis method of Euphorbia maculata L., PBONTOSIL KROMAPLUS 100-5-C18 column （250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm） was used. Acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid system was used as the mobile phase for gradient elution：Flow rate was 0.8 mL/min; detection wavelength was 360 nm; column temperature was 25 ℃. The results showed that there were significant differences in HPLC fingerprints between Euphorbia maculata L. and Euphorbia thymifolia L., Euphorbia prostrata Ait., Euphorbia taihsiensis （Chaw et Koutnik） Oudejians. The established HPLC fingerprint method can effectively identify Euphorbia maculata L. and its related species.

Accurate determination of multiple plant growth regulators in fertilizers by liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection

ZHU Hai-rong, ZHANG Juan, LIU Shuang, YU Yan-ping, YU Xiao-fei, MENG Qiang

2022, 61(9):  132-135.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.026

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Ultrasonic extraction combined with liquid chromatography was used to accurately determine eight plant growth regulators [6-benzylaminopurine, indole acetic acid, abscisic acid, indole butyric acid, naphthalene acetic acid, clopidogrel, uniconazole, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2,4-D）] in fertilizer. The fertilizer samples were extracted with methanol solution containing 0.1% formic acid, separated on ZORBAX SB-C₁₈ column, and gradient eluted with methanol and 0.1% formic acid water as the mobile phase. The determination was carried out at 280 nm and quantified by the external standard method. The results showed that the mass concentration of eight plant growth regulators had a good linear relationship with the corresponding peak area in their respective linear ranges, and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 8. The detection limits were 0.5~10.0 mg/kg. The blank fertilizer sample was used for the standard addition recovery test. The recovery rates were 78.2%~109.4%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.06%~5.91%. This method is accurate, fast and efficient, which is suitable for the simultaneous determination of eight plant growth regulators in fertilizers.

Information Engineering

Big data empowers agriculture： From the underlying logic to the top-level design

ZHU Qiang, BAO Chen

2022, 61(9):  136-140.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.027

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In order to promote rural revitalization and agricultural development, based on the analysis of the underlying logic of big data empowerment agriculture, it was inferred that big data technology had broad prospects for application in agriculture. By combing and analyzing the bottlenecks faced by the field of big data empowerment agriculture, it was found that there were problems such as insufficient data infrastructure construction, poor data governance system, and low level of data application in the current process of big data technology empowerment. Some suggestions were put forward, such as accelerating the supply of new infrastructure construction, building a data legal protection system, and strengthening policy support for agricutural digital application.

Research on cucumber leaf disease detection algorithm based on GLCM texture feature extraction

LI Ya-wen, LIU Ai-jun, CHEN Yao

2022, 61(9):  141-145.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.028

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To the complex algorithm of traditional plant leaf disease detection, this paper proposed a plant leaf disease detection algorithm based on GLCM texture feature extraction. As the research object of cucumber leaf anthracnose, the K-means clustering algorithm was used to perform image threshold segmentation, and the gray level co-occurrence matrix was used to extract the energy mean, entropy mean, contrast mean and correlation mean of the sample. With the parameter training, the area of disease-free area and diseased area parameters were determined, and then the disease condition of the sample was judged. The results showed that the algorithm had high efficiency and good robustness.

Design of photovoltaic-storage combined power supply system for cotton field irrigation

HU Heng, REN Tian-tian, WANG Yu-wei, REN Peng, ZHANG Hui-e

2022, 61(9):  146-150.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.029

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In view of the limited demand of electricity for cotton field irrigation in remote areas of southern Xinjiang, considering the full use of local good light resources, a light-storage combined power supply system for cotton field irrigation was designed. The system was mainly composed of the photovoltaic power generation unit, bidirectional DC-DC converter, converter and energy storage module, etc. While setting the system parameters, the system control strategy was designed, and the system simulation model was built by using the Simulink simulation platform. The simulation results showed that the system could not only respond quickly to photovoltaic power tracking and maintain the stable charging and discharging status of energy storage batteries, but also meet the requirements of cotton field irrigation load with ac output voltage.

Biological Engineering

Comparative study on sugar-free tissue culture rooting technology of Pithecellobium clypearia （Jack） Benth.

WANG Li, CHEN Zu-xu, HUANG Hong-jian, CHEN Xiao-ling, CHEN Qi-min, HUANG Shi-neng

2022, 61(9):  151-155.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.030

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The effects of disinfection methods on explants of forest medicine Pithecellobium clypearia （Jack） Benth., different concentrations of different plant growth regulators and different tissue culture methods on rooting and survival of tissue culture seedlings of Pithecellobium clypearia were studied. The most suitable disinfection method for explants of Pithecellobium clypearia was first treated with 75.00% ethanol for 1 min, and then treated with 5.00% calcium hypochlorite solution for 25 min. The germination rate was 70.00%. The most suitable ratio of plant growth regulators for rooting was IBA 0.40 mg/L + NAA 0.10 mg/L. Under this concentration, the rooting rate and transplanting survival rate of traditional tissue culture were 70.30% and 92.20%, respectively. The rooting survival rate and transplanting survival rate of sugar-free tissue culture were 100.00% and 99.90%, respectively. The best planting substrate ratio was river sand + peat soil （1∶1） and loess + river sand + peat soil （1∶1∶1）. The rooting rate of sugar-free tissue culture was higher than that of traditional tissue culture, and the root system was more developed, which was more suitable for commercial production.

Population structure analysis of Dioscorea alata in Dabie Mountains based on SRAP markers

LI Ren-xue, JIANG Ling, GU Qin, LI Shi-sheng, LI Jing-cai

2022, 61(9):  156-161.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.031

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In order to determine the population structure and genetic relationship of Dioscorea alata resources, SRAP molecular markers were used for marker detection of 48 Dioscorea alata resources collected in Dabie Mountains. The marker data were input into Structure 2.3.4 and the mixed model was used for population structure analysis. Twenty-two pairs of SRAP primer combinations with polymorphism were screened for marker detection of 48 Dioscorea alata resources. The results showed that a total of 175 polymorphic bands were detected in 22 SRAP primer combinations, with 4~11 polymorphic bands per primer combination and 7.95 polymorphic bands per primer combination on average. Population structure analysis showed that when K = 3, the △K value was the largest-that is, the 48 Dioscorea alata resources could be divided into three subgroups, including 15, 13 and 20 Dioscorea alata resources, and there was gene exchange between subgroups, which belonged to mixed subgroup. The population structure of 48 accessions of Dioscorea alata resources based on SRAP markers revealed that the genetic diversity of Dioscorea alata resources in Dabie Mountains was rich and the genetic relationship was complex. Divided into three subgroups, gene exchange exists between subgroups.

Construction and expression of genetic transformation system of Hubei potato No.3

GAO Zhi-peng, DU Yu-xiao, FENG Xia, YU Tu-yuan, LI Ya-nan, CHEN Da-qing

2022, 61(9):  162-167.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.032

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Using Hubei potato（Solanum tuberosum L.） No. 3 as the experimental material, PCR amplification was performed on the plasmid pBinAr containing selenocysteine methyltransferase gene （AbSMT） from Astragalus membranaceous. Then, the recombinant transmitter pBI121-AbSMT was constructed by enzyme digestion and ligation. The combination of Agrobacterium solution concentration gradient, infection time, and co-culture time was set for genetic transformation, and gene expression was verified by PCR identification and GUS histochemical staining. The results showed that the selected antibiotic was 50.00 mg/L Kan. Agrobacterium solution concentration was 0.50 （OD_{600 nm}）; The infection time was 8 min. Co-culture time of 3 d could realize the efficient genetic transformation of Hubei potato No. 3. At the same time, the AbSMT gene transformed Hubei potato No. 3 was successfully constructed.

Economy & Management

Study on the measurement of China’s high-quality economic development based on factor analysis

ZHAO Wei-chao, ZHAO Yu-peng

2022, 61(9):  168-175.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.033

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On the basis of existing studies, the 31 provinces and cities （autonomous regions） of China （excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan） in 2017 were studied from nine dimensions of economic structure optimization, innovation-driven development, efficient resource allocation, perfect market mechanism, stable economic growth, regional coordination and sharing, infrastructure improvement, ecological civilization construction and economic achievements for the benefit of the people, 24 criteria-level measures and 41 specific measurement were set. The level of high-quality economic development was evaluated based on two-stage factor analysis, and the development level of 31 provinces and cities （autonomous regions） was divided into five categories by using the systematic clustering method. Through factor analysis, it was found that the overall level of high-quality economic development of Chinese provinces and cities （autonomous regions） was low, and there was also the problem of unbalanced development. Spatially, they also faced the problem of unbalanced regional development, and geographically, they showed the development pattern of “high in the east, low in the west and high in the coast, low inland”. Through cluster analysis, it was found that the level of high quality economic development of Chinese provinces and cities （autonomous regions） could be divided into five categories from high to low, and the number of provinces and cities （autonomous regions） in each category was 2, 4, 17, 3 and 5, respectively.

Multidimensional analysis of agricultural economic development in Tarim River Basin：Based on grey relational analysis

ZHAO Jun

2022, 61(9):  176-179.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.034

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Based on the panel data from 2004 to 2019, the development of agricultural economy in the Tarim River Basin from three dimensions of agricultural output value, agricultural resource input,agricultural and livestock product output was analyzed by using the grey relational model. The results showed that the development of planting and breeding industry, and the material input of agricultural production had a great influence on the development of agricultural economy in the Tarim River Basin. On this basis, some suggestions were put forward to promote the high-quality development of agriculture in the Tarim River Basin.

Evaluation and analysis of green development efficiency in Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration based on SBM-Malmquist

DONG Lu-yun

2022, 61(9):  180-185.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.035

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This paper used the entropy method and SBM-Malmquist model to evaluate the green development efficiency and total factor productivity of Yangtze River Delta core urban agglomeration from 2005 to 2018, and tested its convergence. The results showed that during the sample period, the overall green development efficiency of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration was relatively high.It showed an upward trend under the influence of technological progress, and the overall gap within the region was narrowing year by year. And the green development level of Anhui province was generally behind other provinces and cities in the region. The green development efficiency of the urban agglomeration in the region was not balanced, and the core cities and peripheral cities in each province were different. The regional differences between them were obvious. The development of regional green integration can be realized by promoting the synchronous improvement of the efficiency of green development in the Yangtze River Delta region.

Research on the allocation efficiency of agricultural science and technology resources in Shandong Province

LI Cheng-yuan, LI Jing-suo

2022, 61(9):  186-191.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.036

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In order to understand the efficiency of the allocation of agricultural science and technology resources in various cities of Shandong Province, and make rational use of agricultural science and technology resources in Shandong Province, the efficiency of the allocation of agricultural science and technology resources in Shandong Province was analyzed by adopting the data of Shandong Province from 2015 to 2018 and establishing BCC static model and Malmquist dynamic index model. The results showed that the comprehensive efficiency of Shandong Province was at a relatively high level from 2015 to 2018, but there were varying degrees of redundancy in input factors in various cities. The total factor productivity of Shandong Province was growing, and the western region had the lowest total factor productivity. From the perspective of input, Shandong Province still needs to adjust the input structure of agricultural science and technology resources, and increase support for the western region; From the perspective of output, there is still room for progress in per capita disposable income of farmers. Based on the actual situation of Shandong Province, some suggestions from the aspects of establishing reasonable investment guarantee mechanism and the joint development mechanism of the middle, east and west, improving land scale income and perfecting agricultural science and technology service system were put forward.

Research on operation mechanism and efficiency improvement of pig industry innovation ecosystem

LI Zheng, LIU Wen-chao, WANG Shi-yu

2022, 61(9):  192-196.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.037

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Agricultural innovation ecosystem is the application and extension of innovation ecosystem in the agricultural field. The development status and problems of China’s pig industry were analyzed from a systematic perspective. It was concluded that the innovation ecosystem of China’s pig industry was surrounded by breeding, feed, vaccine, breeding, processing, transportation and services, forming an organic whole of mutual cooperation and coordinated development of industrial chain, innovation chain, financial chain, service chain and value chain. The countermeasures and suggestions for the development of China’s pig industry innovation ecosystem were put forward, that is, to promote the high-quality development of China’s pig industry by improving the pig industry innovation ecosystem structure, creating pig industrial innovation platform, improving the construction of pig industry ecological population, cultivating the cultural connotation of pig industry, and improving the brand awareness of pig industry and other specific measures.

Study on the influence of relational network on the local farm machinery operation services market：Taking Jianli city and Jiangling county of Hubei Province as an example

LIU Xiao, ZHOU Jing, GUO Zhang-wei, MA Meng-yan

2022, 61(9):  197-202.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.038

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Through literature review and field investigations, the formation mechanism of the relationship network affecting the local operation service market of agricultural machinery was summarized under the local society. Taking the rice harvesting process as an example, the relational network in the agricultural machinery local operation services market was analyzed by using the survey data of 139 rice growers and 33 farm machinery operation services suppliers in Jianli city and Jiangling county, Hubei Province. The study found that the relationship network mainly affected the formation of localized agricultural machinery operation service market through four mechanisms of conflict avoidance, risk aversion, reducing transaction costs and maintaining social relations, and farmers were more inclined to choose agricultural machinery operators who were acquaintances. The cumulative work area of the farmer in his group was larger than that in other groups in the village, other villages and towns and areas outside the county. Choosing acquaintances to work through the network was beneficial to both farmers and farm mechanics. Finally, some suggestions on establishing a localized agricultural machinery service organization, integrating the needs of farmers and improving market efficiency were put forward.

Research on apple spot price risk and the relationship between futures and spot prices： A case study of Red Fuji apple in Shaanxi Province

GE Qi-ming, LIU Hang

2022, 61(9):  203-208.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.039

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Based on the analysis of the development status of apple industry in Shaanxi Province, the main factors affecting the fluctuation of apple spot price in recent years were analyzed. Taking Red Fuji apple in Shaanxi Province as an example,the relationship between China’s apple futures price and spot price was tested by using Granger causality model, and then the problems needing attention in the application of apple futures were discussed to manage spot price risk. The measurement model test results showed that the spot price of apples was the Granger cause for the fluctuation of its futures price, and the changes of the two were linked with each other. Therefore, the futures market of apples could be used to manage the fluctuation risk of its spot price. It also put forward that to give full play to the practical effect of hedging against risks of apple futures, the futures brokerage companies should advertise apple futures. Fruit farmers and related enterprises should deal with the relationship between production and sales of spot goods and futures hedging.

Research on farmers’ willingness to quit homestead and its influencing factors：A case study of Xiangtan county and Longshan county in Hunan Province

ZHANG Wei-na, WANG Dun

2022, 61(9):  209-213.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.040

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Xiangtan county, Xiangtan city and Longshan county, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province were selected as the research areas to conduct a questionnaire survey and interviews on the willingness of farmers to withdraw their homesteads. According to the data, the influencing factors were analyzed. The results show that farmers’ homestead exit intention is significantly negatively correlated with age, homestead utilization status and homestead replacement cost; it has a significant positive correlation with the average annual total income of families, the main sources of income, education level, the service life of homestead, the purchase of houses in cities and towns and the way of compensation. Therefore, all factors should be taken into consideration when formulating the exit mechanism of farmers’ homestead.

Research on comprehensive evaluation of typical agricultural products logistics park based on ANP

SONG Yan, WANG Zeng-ning, CAO Hui, WANG Hong-zhi

2022, 61(9):  214-219.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.041

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In view of the current problem in the development process of agricultural products logistics park and the deficiency of comprehensive evaluation of agricultural products logistics park, based on constructing the comprehensive evaluation index system of agricultural products logistics park, the analytic network process（ANP） was used to establish the interdependent relationship among the indexes, and the comprehensive evaluation model of agricultural products logistics park was constructed. The comprehensive evaluation process and analysis were performed using Super Decisions software. Then China Shouguang Agricultural Products Logistics Park, Shenzhen Haijixing International Agricultural Products Logistics Park, and Changsha Agricultural Products Logistics Park were analyzed. The results showed that the comprehensive level of Shenzhen Higreen International Agricultural Products Logistics Park was the highest, and the important indicators affecting each agricultural products logistics park were different. Then corresponding countermeasures and suggestions according to the specific situation of each agricultural products logistics park were put forward.

Rural Revitalization

Research on farmers’ information requirements and services work under the background of rural revitalization：Investigation and analysis based on Shangluo city

LI Ya-qing

2022, 61(9):  220-224.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2022.09.042

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Based on the background of rural revitalization strategy, taking 580 farmers in Shangluo city as survey samples, a quantitative survey on five aspects of information demand type, information infrastructure, information acquisition channel, information acquisition degree and information service satisfaction was made by means of the questionnaire, and statistical analysis on the data was made by using SPSS software. The results were compared with those from 2010 to 2018. The results show that farmers’ information demand and information acquisition channels have changed greatly in recent 10 years. At present, the hot spots of farmers’ information demand are food safety and medical health. The practitioners of new agricultural business entities still pay high attention to agricultural production information, and the overall demand for agricultural production, policies and regulations information is gradually weakened. Most farmers can obtain information by themselves, but less valuable information. Neighborhood communication and mobile phone consultation are the main channels for farmers to obtain information. Technical training and TV programs are still important but significantly reduced. Farmers are satisfied with the overall evaluation of information services, highly satisfied with agricultural production and children’s education, basically satisfied with medical health and food safety information services, and lowly satisfied with social services, market information and village management information services. On this basis, some suggestions to improve farmers’ information service are put forward.